Low-Grade Thermal Energy Harvesting: Advances in Materials, Devices, and Emerging Applications (Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials)

Front cover
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Full title
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Contents
Contributors
1 - Principles of low-grade heat harvesting
	1.1 Motivation
	1.2 Working principles of low-grade heat harvesting
		1.2.1 Thermodiffusion effect
		1.2.2 Seebeck effects
		1.2.3 Ionic Soret effects
		1.2.4 Thermal electrochemical effects
	1.3 Performance characterization and comparison
		1.3.1 Thermopower
		1.3.2 Power density
		1.3.3 Working mode
	References
2 - Stretchable thermoelectric materials/devices for low-grade thermal energy harvesting
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 What is stretchability?
	2.3 Organic stretchable TE materials
		2.3.1 Intrinsically stretchable TE materials
		2.3.2 Composite stretchable TE materials
			2.3.2.1 Plasticizers compounded stretchable TE materials
			2.3.2.2 Elastomers compounded stretchable TE materials
			2.3.2.3 Simultaneously blending plasticizers and elastomers with TE materials
		2.3.3 Substrate-dependent stretchable TE materials
			2.3.3.1 Elastomer substrate-based stretchable TE materials
			2.3.3.2 Textile substrate-based stretchable TE materials
	2.4 Gel-based stretchable TE materials
		2.4.1 Ionic gel-based stretchable TE material
			2.4.1.1 IL-based stretchable TE ionic gel
			2.4.1.2 Conducting polymer-based stretchable TE ionic gel
			2.4.1.3 Redox couple-based stretchable TE ionic gel
		2.4.2 Aerogel-based stretchable TE materials
	2.5 Architectural strategies for stretchable thermoelectric devices
		2.5.1 Directly assembling stretchable TE materials
		2.5.2 Geometric engineering
		2.5.3 Bridge-island structure design
		2.5.4 Specific weaving technique
	2.6 Potential applications of stretchable thermoelectric materials/devices in low-grade energy harvesting field
		2.6.1 Stretchable energy harvesters
		2.6.2 Self-powered sensors
			2.6.2.1 Self-powered strain sensors
			2.6.2.2 Self-powered multisensors
	2.7 Conclusion and outlook
	References
3 - Wearable power generation via thermoelectric textile
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Fabrication of fiber/yarn-shaped thermoelectric materials
		3.2.1 Wet spinning and gelation spinning
		3.2.2 Thermal drawing
		3.2.3 Drop casting and dip coating
		3.2.4 Thermal evaporation and magnetron sputtering
	3.3 Thermoelectric textiles
		3.3.1 2D thermoelectric textiles
		3.3.2 3D thermoelectric textiles
	3.4 Thermoelectric cooling textiles
	3.5 Thermoelectric passive sensing textiles
	3.6 Outlook
	References
4 - Thermoelectric ionogel for low-grade heat harvesting
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Fundamental principles of ionic thermoelectric conversion systems
		4.2.1 Thermodiffusion cell
			4.2.1.1 Thermodiffusion effect
			4.2.1.2 Electrolyte- and gelation-dependent thermopower
			4.2.1.3 Capacitive working mode of thermodiffusion cell
		4.2.2 Thermogalvanic cell
			4.2.2.1 Thermogalvanic effect
			4.2.2.2 Working mode and redox couples of thermogalvanic cell
			4.2.2.3 Modification and gelation of thermogalvanic cell
		4.2.3 Synergistic thermodiffusion and thermogalvanic effect
	4.3 Preparation and applications of thermoelectric ionogel
		4.3.1 Preparation of thermoelectric ionogel
			4.3.1.1 Gelling agenting materials
			4.3.1.2 Gelation methods
		4.3.2 Electrode materials in thermoelectric ionogel
			4.3.2.1 Electrodes for thermodiffusion cell
			4.3.2.2 Electrodes for thermogalvanic cell
		4.3.3 Series stacking and applications
			4.3.3.1 ‘‘z-’’ series-connected half-cells
			4.3.3.2 n- and p-type thermocell connected in series
	4.4 Challenges and opportunities
	References
5 - Osmotic heat engines for low-grade thermal energy harvesting
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fundamental principles of thermo-osmotic systems
		5.2.1 Comparison of ion flow rate driven by ion concentration gradient (∆c) and temperature gradient (∆T)
		5.2.2 Thermal separation-salinity gradient power generation
		5.2.3 Thermal separation techniques
			5.2.3.1 Vacuum distillation (VD)
			5.2.3.2 Membrane distillation (MD)
			5.2.3.3 Thermolysis (TL)
			5.2.3.4 Thermal precipitation-dissolution of saturated aqueous solutions
		5.2.4 Salinity gradient power generation techniques
			5.2.4.1 Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO)
			5.2.4.2 Reverse electrodialysis
			5.2.4.3 Capacitive mixing (CapMix)
			5.2.4.4 Concentration redox-flow batteries (CRFB)
	5.3 Thermo-osmotic ionogel
		5.3.1 Working principles
		5.3.2 Osmotic-electric power generation
		5.3.3 Osmotic-electric conversion efficiency
		5.3.4 Devices integration and applications
	5.4 Challenges and opportunities
	References
6 - Liquid-based ­electrochemical systems for the conversion of heat to electricity
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Thermogalvanic cell
	6.3 Thermally regenerative electrochemical cycles
		6.3.1 Thermal capacitive electrochemical cycle (TCEC): Electrical double-layer-based cycle
		6.3.2 Redox flow battery
		6.3.3 Thermal regenerative ammonia-based battery
		6.3.4 Direct thermal charging cell
	6.4 Thermo-osmotic energy conversion
	6.5 Summary and perspectives
	References
7 - Liquid-state thermocells for low-grade heat harvesting
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Theories of thermocells
		7.1.2 Overview of current research states and progresses
	7.2 Advances in thermocells
		7.2.1 Strategies of improving conversion efficiency of single cells
			7.2.1.1 Enhancement of Seebeck coefficient
			7.2.1.2 Enhancement of electrical conductivity
			7.2.1.3 Suppression of thermal conductivity
		7.2.2 Devices integration and applications
			7.2.2.1 Devices integration
			7.2.2.2 Flexible devices
			7.2.2.3 Applications
	7.3 Challenges and opportunities
	References
8 - Bimetallic thermally-regenerative ammonia batteries
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Working principle
	8.3 Temperature effects
	8.4 Decoupled electrolytes
	8.5 Flow batteries
	8.6 Summary and outlook
	References
9 - Iron perchlorate electrolytes and nanocarbon electrodes related to the redox reaction
	9.1 Introduction to thermocells
	9.2 Temperature coefficient of electrochemical redox potential
	9.3 Evaluation of the electrolyte performance
	9.4 Capability of power generation of thermocells
	9.5 Summary
	References
10 - Thermal energy harvesting using thermomagnetic effect
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Working principle of thermomagnetic energy harvesting
	10.3 Thermodynamics of thermomagnetic cycle
	10.4 Thermomagnetic materials
	10.5 Thermomagnetic energy harvesters
	10.6 Summary and future perspective
	References
11 - Salt hydrate-based composite materials for thermochemical energy storage
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Salt requirements and screening processes of salt hydrates
	11.3 State of the art on salt-based composite materials for thermochemical energy storage
		11.3.1 Expanded natural graphite
		11.3.2 Vermiculite
		11.3.3 Rocks, ceramics, and minerals
		11.3.4 Activated carbon
		11.3.5 Activated alumina
		11.3.6 Polymers
		11.3.7 Metal organic frameworks
		11.3.8 Zeolites
		11.3.9 Silicas
	11.4 Limitations and considerations when designing composite materials
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
Index
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