Loose Leaf for SOC 2020

Cover......Page 2
For Students......Page 4
Title......Page 6
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 10
About the Author......Page 11
Brief Contents......Page 14
What’s New in Soc......Page 16
Contents......Page 34
1 The Sociological Imagination......Page 54
The Sociological Imagination......Page 56
The Significance of Place......Page 59
A Hamburger Is a Miracle......Page 61
Defining Sociology......Page 63
A Science of Society......Page 66
Theory and Research......Page 68
FIVE BIG QUESTIONS......Page 74
How Is Social Order Maintained?......Page 75
How do Power and Inequality Shape Outcomes?......Page 76
How Does Interaction Shape Our Worlds?......Page 78
How Does Group Membership Influence Opportunity?......Page 79
How Should Sociologists Respond?......Page 80
THREE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 82
Personal Sociology......Page 85
Academic Sociology......Page 87
Applied and Clinical Sociology......Page 88
2 Sociological Research......Page 95
SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE......Page 96
Sociology and Common Sense......Page 97
Sociology and the Scientific Method......Page 100
Defining the Problem......Page 101
Reviewing the Literature......Page 103
Formulating the Hypothesis......Page 105
Collecting and Analyzing Data......Page 107
Developing the Conclusion......Page 110
MAJOR RESEARCH DESIGNS......Page 112
Surveys......Page 113
Observation......Page 118
Experiments......Page 120
Use of Existing Sources......Page 123
RESEARCH ETHICS......Page 128
Research Funding......Page 129
Value Neutrality......Page 130
Feminist Methodology......Page 132
3 Culture......Page 139
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY......Page 140
CONSTRUCTING CULTURE......Page 142
Cultural Universals......Page 144
Innovation......Page 146
Diffusion......Page 148
THREE ELEMENTS OF CULTURE......Page 149
Material Culture......Page 150
Cognitive Culture......Page 152
Normative Culture......Page 164
Aspects of Cultural Variation......Page 170
Dominant Ideology......Page 176
Understanding Others......Page 177
4 Socialization......Page 185
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION......Page 186
Internalizing Culture......Page 187
The Impact of Isolation......Page 188
Sociological Approaches to the Self......Page 193
Us Versus Them......Page 200
Family......Page 203
School......Page 206
Peer Groups......Page 207
Mass Media......Page 209
The Workplace......Page 214
Religion and the State......Page 215
The Life Course......Page 216
Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization......Page 219
Role Transitions During the Life Course......Page 222
AGING AND SOCIETY......Page 223
Adjusting to Retirement......Page 224
PERSPECTIVES ON AGING......Page 226
Disengagement Theory......Page 227
Activity Theory......Page 228
Ageism and Discrimination......Page 230
Death and Dying......Page 231
5 Social Structure and Interaction......Page 239
SOCIAL INTERACTION......Page 240
Self and Society......Page 241
Positions and Power......Page 242
Statuses and Roles......Page 243
Groups......Page 252
Social Networks......Page 256
Social Institutions......Page 262
TRADITIONAL, MODERN, AND POSTMODERN SOCIAL STRUCTURES......Page 265
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft......Page 266
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity......Page 267
Technology and Society......Page 269
Postmodern Life......Page 272
BUREAUCRACY......Page 274
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy......Page 275
Bureaucratization as a Way of Life......Page 279
Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture......Page 282
6 Deviance......Page 290
Conformity and Obedience......Page 292
Informal and Formal Social Control......Page 296
Law and Society......Page 297
What Behavior Is Deviant?......Page 300
Deviance and Social Stigma......Page 302
CRIME......Page 304
Official Crime Reports......Page 305
White-Collar Crime......Page 308
Victimless Crimes......Page 310
Organized Crime......Page 312
International Crime......Page 313
Functions of Crime and Deviance......Page 316
Interpersonal Interaction and Defining Deviance......Page 320
Conflict, Power, and Criminality......Page 325
7 Families......Page 334
DEFINING FAMILY......Page 335
Substance: What a Family Is......Page 336
Functions: What Families Do......Page 341
Conflict: Who Rules?......Page 344
MARRIAGE, MATING, AND PARENTING......Page 347
Courtship and Mate Selection......Page 348
Parenthood Patterns and Practices......Page 354
Dual-Income Families......Page 361
Same-Sex Marriage......Page 362
Single-Parent Families......Page 364
Stepfamilies......Page 365
Multigenerational Families......Page 366
Cohabitation......Page 368
Remaining Single......Page 369
Statistical Trends in Divorce......Page 370
Impact of Divorce on Children......Page 372
8 Education and Religion......Page 380
Education and Opportunity......Page 382
Educational Attainment......Page 383
Community Colleges......Page 385
Teaching as a Profession......Page 387
Home Schooling......Page 388
Functions of Education......Page 389
Education and the Conflict Perspective......Page 393
Education and Interaction......Page 397
Substance: What Religion Is......Page 401
Function: What Religions Do......Page 403
Functional Equivalents of Religion......Page 405
Beliefs......Page 407
Rituals......Page 408
Experience......Page 409
Community......Page 410
RELIGIONS AROUND THE WORLD......Page 414
Integration and the Functionalist Perspective......Page 418
Religion and Social Change......Page 420
Conflict and Social Control......Page 423
9 Economy and Politics......Page 431
Capitalism......Page 433
Socialism......Page 435
Mixed Economies......Page 437
Economic Sectors and Technological Innovation......Page 439
Economic Globalization......Page 441
Monarchy......Page 445
Oligarchy......Page 447
Dictatorship and Totalitarianism......Page 448
Democracy......Page 449
POWER AND AUTHORITY......Page 451
Power......Page 452
Types of Authority......Page 453
Balancing Economic and Political Power......Page 457
The Power Structure in the United States......Page 459
Voter Identification and Participation......Page 463
Race and Gender in Politics......Page 466
War......Page 467
Terrorism......Page 471
Peace......Page 472
10 Social Class......Page 477
LIFE CHANCES......Page 478
Systems of Stratification......Page 479
Social Mobility......Page 485
SOCIAL CLASS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 488
Income and Wealth......Page 489
Poverty......Page 497
The American Dream......Page 503
Marx and Material Resources......Page 509
Weber and Social Resources......Page 512
Bourdieu and Cultural Resources......Page 516
Material, Social, and Cultural Resources......Page 518
11 Global Inequality......Page 525
GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE......Page 527
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBALIZATION......Page 529
Modernization and the Functionalist Perspective......Page 530
Structural Inequality and the Conflict Perspective......Page 532
ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AROUND THE WORLD......Page 539
Income......Page 540
Wealth......Page 543
Poverty......Page 544
Social Stratification in Mexico......Page 546
Defining Human Rights......Page 554
Principle and Practice......Page 557
Human Rights Activism......Page 558
12 Gender and Sexuality......Page 565
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER......Page 567
Sex......Page 568
Gender......Page 570
Reimagining Sex and Gender......Page 578
The Gender Spectrum......Page 581
The First Wave......Page 583
The Second Wave......Page 584
The Third Wave......Page 586
Intersectionality......Page 588
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF SEXUALITY......Page 589
Sexuality and Identity......Page 590
Sexuality in Action......Page 594
GENDER AND INEQUALITY......Page 598
Women in the United States......Page 599
Women Around the World......Page 607
13 Race and Ethnicity......Page 616
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE AND ETHNICITY......Page 617
The Roots of Racial Classification......Page 620
The Era of Pseudoscientific Racism......Page 624
Rejecting Racial Pseudoscience......Page 627
The Interactionist Perspective: Race as Multidimensional......Page 632
The Functionalist Perspective: How Racial Categorization Works......Page 637
The Conflict Perspective: Racial Inequality......Page 640
Prejudice And Discrimination......Page 643
Racism......Page 647
Patterns of Intergroup Relations......Page 655
Inequality Among Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States......Page 661
Immigration......Page 676
Privilege......Page 681
14 Population, Health, and Environment......Page 688
POPULATION......Page 690
Birth......Page 691
Death......Page 693
Migration......Page 695
Demographic Transition......Page 699
Culture, Society, and Health......Page 704
Illness and Social Order......Page 707
Power, Resources, and Health......Page 709
Negotiating Cures......Page 715
HEALTH AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PLACE......Page 716
Social Class......Page 718
Race And Ethnicity......Page 720
Gender......Page 722
Age......Page 723
HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 725
A Historical View......Page 726
The Role of Government......Page 727
Complementary and Alternative Medicine......Page 730
Human Ecology......Page 732
Power, Resources, and the Environment......Page 734
Environmental Justice......Page 735
Air Pollution......Page 737
Water Pollution......Page 738
Global Climate Change......Page 739
The Global Response......Page 741
15 Social Change......Page 751
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS......Page 752
Early Social Science Crowd Theory......Page 754
Relative Deprivation......Page 755
Rational Action and Resource Mobilization......Page 756
The Power of Compassion......Page 758
ASSESSING SOCIAL CHANGE......Page 761
Material Culture and Change......Page 762
Cognitive Culture and Change......Page 767
Normative Culture and Change......Page 771
SOCIOLOGY IS A VERB......Page 772
Personal Sociology......Page 773
Public Sociology: Tools for Change......Page 774
Practicing Sociology......Page 777
Glossary......Page 785
References......Page 810
Name Index......Page 929
Subject Index......Page 943