Long-Term Farming Systems Research: Ensuring Food Security in Changing Scenarios

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Long-Term Farming Systems Research: Ensuring Food Security in Changing Scenarios
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Section I: From the Editor’s desk
I. Long-term experiments in agriculture: stages, challenges, and precautions
	Introduction
	Stages of long-term trials
		Static
		Semistatic: catching up with the time
		Dynamic
	Challenges of long-term experiments
		Maintaining the relevance to current farming issues (time relevance)
		Trade-offs for adoption
		Transferability of findings at landscape level
		Financial resources
	Traps, pitfalls, and precautions
	Strategy for stakeholder engagement in long term experiments
	References
Section II: Lessons for agricultural development
1. Long-term agricultural research at Rothamsted
	Introduction
	Experimental design and management
		The Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment
		Hoosfield Continuous Spring Barley
		Park Grass
	Results
		Broadbalk
			Yields
			Weed, pests, and diseases
			Nutrient losses in drainage
		Hoosfield
		Park Grass
			Effects of fertilizers and lime on herbage yields
			Effects of fertilizers and lime on botanical composition
		Uses of the long-term experiments and sample archive
	Conclusions
	References
2. Implementation and management of the DOK long-term system comparison trial
	History and scope of the DOK trial
	Experimental setup and management practices
	Changes of systems and management
		System changes
		Crop rotation changes in all treatments
		Variety changes in all treatments
		Soil primary tillage harmonization and fertilization adjustments
		Plant protection adjustments
	Conclusions
	References
3. Pursuing agroecosystem resilience in a long-term Mediterranean agricultural experiment
	Introduction
		Changing times
		Innovating for resilience
		Soil health for agroecosystem resilience: irrigated crops
		Soil health for agroecosystem resilience: nonirrigated crops
		Soil carbon sequestration for climate change adaptation and resilience
		Engagement with farmers and policymakers—role of long-term research experiments
	References
4. Challenges of maintaining relevance to current agricultural issues in a long-term cropping establishment experiment in Cant ...
	Introduction
	Annual crop production in New Zealand
	Tillage and crop establishment
	The Chertsey Establishment Trial
		Treatments and trial design
		Measurements
		Trial management
	Learnings from the first 15years of the Chertsey Establishment Trial
		Crop production
		Soil quality
			Soil carbon
			Aggregate stability
	Challenges encountered in the Chertsey Establishment Trial
		Maintaining the relevance to current farming issues
		Changes to trial design to stay relevant
		Other challenges
		Managing soil fertility uniformity in the Chertsey Establishment Trial
		Soil pH
		Phosphorus
	Future of the Chertsey Establishment Trial
	References
5. Integration of efficient farm enterprises for livelihood security of small farmers
	Introduction
	Materials and methods
	Financial gains of adopting different enterprise combinations
	Economic analysis of cropping systems (6400sq m)
	Economic analysis of horticulture unit (1600sq m)
	Economic analysis of dairy component (200sq m)
	Economic analysis of aquaculture (1000sq m)
	Economic analysis of agroforestry (600sq m)
	Recycling of residues in integrated farming system
	Conclusion
	References
Section III: Maximizing outcomes through networking and capacity development
6. Building capacity from Glenlea, Canada\'s oldest organic rotation study
	Introduction
	Identification of major limitations to organic production based on the Glenlea study
		Phosphorus depletion in the hay export rotation
		Greater levels of soil biological activity insufficient to supply P
		Manure response absent in organic grain-only rotation
		Trade-off between nutrient correction and weeds
		A “1year in four” legume-based green manure insufficient for N supply
		Building capacity
		Nutrient monitoring tools
			The green manure bioassay
			The nutrient budgeting tool
			Direct training of farm advisors
		Building knowledge capacity of green manure management
		Initiating adaptive capacity
	Future work
	Conclusion
	References
7. Testing long-term impact of agriculture on soil and environment in Poland
	Historical outline
	Long-term changes in Polish agriculture
	Impact of crop rotation and tillage
	Impact of crop production systems
		Plant yields
		Weeds
		Soil properties
	Long-term impact of agriculture at regional level on soil organic carbon accumulation
	Impact of exogenous organic matter application on soil and water quality
		Availability of exogenous organic matter
		Sludge characteristics
		Impact of sewage sludge on crop yield, soil chemical, and biological processes
		Impact of sewage sludge on groundwater quality
	Conclusions
	References
8. Geographical network: legacy of the Soviet era long-term field experiments in Russian agriculture
	Introduction
	Inventory of current long-term experiments
	Historical overview
	Future challenges
	References
9. Managing long-term experiment data: a repository for soil and agricultural research
	Introduction
	Overview of long-term experiments in Germany
	Research data provision
	Overview of standards
		Data life stages
			Data acquisition
			Data management
			Data provision
	Data policy for long-term experiments
	Technical infrastructure
		The BonaRes Metadata Schema
		Metadata Editor
		The BonaRes Data Portal
	Publication of ZALF\'s LTE “V140”
	Conclusion
	References
10. Long-term experiments on agroecology and organic farming: the Italian long-term experiment network
	Organic farming research agenda
	Turning agroecological principles into organic farming
		Agroecological approach
		From farm to food system
	Long-term experiment as tool for research in organic farming
		Activities for process
		Participatory research
	The Italian network of organic long-term experiments
		From the local to the national scale
		Next steps
	European long-term experiment network
	Future perspectives
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
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