London in the Roman World

Cover
London in the Roman World
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
	Navigating Londinium
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of  Tables
Part 1: Approaches To Roman London
	1: Introduction
		Points of departure
		Some arguments
		The narrative in brief
	2: Recovering Roman London
		Antiquarian beginnings
		Victorian rebuilding
		Roman studies come of age
		Professional archaeology
	3: Understanding Roman London
		Questioning fieldwork
		Studying change
		The relevance of ‘Romanization’
		An alien city
	4: Before London
		Landscapes of origin
		Southern Britain before Rome
		Late Iron Age London
		Why London was Roman
Part 2: Making London
	5: The Roman invasion (c. ad 43)
		Debating London’s Roman origins
		London’s Claudian defences
		The Thames crossing
	6: A supply-base (c. ad 43–52)
		After the conquest
		The streets of London
		At the gates
		Who built London and why?
		London in the geography of Roman Britain
	7: Shaping the city (c. ad 52–60)
		New streets for old
		Around the forum
		Baths and temples
		South of the river
		Other suburbs
		The new west-end
	8: The Boudican revolt (c. ad 60–1)
		On the eve of rebellion
		London destroyed
		The status of London in ad 60
		The government of London
	9: Post-war reconstruction (c. ad 61–70)
		Military reoccupation
		Building the port
		The town restored
		The first cemeteries
		Irregular burials
		Late Neronian London
Part 3: Monuments Of Rome
	10: Bread and circuses (c. ad 70–80)
		The amphitheatre
		An administrative complex in Southwark
		Improvements to port and city
		Mills and bakeries
		City limits and defences
		Vespasian and London
	11: Britain’s capital? (c. ad 80–90)
		The Flavian forum
		Public architecture in the forum district
		The procurator as patron
		The Huggin Hill baths and town houses
		On the south-bank
	12: Episodes of renewal (c. ad 90–110)
		Later Flavian London
		Waterfront renewal under Nerva and Trajan
		Other public works
		Extending the city
		Cemeteries and tombs
	13: The great forum (c. ad 110–25)
		Hadrian and the forum
		Dating the forum
		Before the Hadrianic fire
Part 4: The Working City
	14: The urban hinterland
		Roads and roadside settlements
		Suburban sites
		Villas and elite settlement
	15: The region and its resources
		The estuary
		Woodlands
		Wealden iron
		Were there imperial estates?
		The role of London
	16: Economy and supply
		Roman economies
		Military demand
		Long-distance supply
		Monetary transactions
		London and the Roman economy
	17: London at work
		At the port
		The construction industry
		The labour market
		The working year
		Shops and workshops
		Shipbuilding
		Other industry
		The productive periphery
	18: People and society
		Written Londoners
		Soldiers and officials
		Elite society
		Immigration
		Fashion and identity
		Pervasive ritual
Part 5: Destruction And Recovery
	19: The Hadrianic fire (c. ad 125–35)
		The burning of London
		Accident or arson?
		The Cripplegate fort
		Post-fire rebuilding
		The upper Walbrook ‘vicus’
	20: The Walbrook skulls
		The new north road
		Wayside human remains
		Heads of the dead
		Other irregular burials
	21: Antonine sophistication (c. ad 135–65)
		Ostentatious town houses
		Changing traffic
		Housing the gods
		Tiberinius Celerianus
		Funerary architecture
		Marking boundaries
Part 6: London Diminished
	22: Antonine contraction (c. ad 165–80)
		The puzzle of London’s missing late Roman stratigraphy
		The problem of dark earth
		Continuities and discontinuities
		The scale of change
		What happened?
		Plague and its consequences
	23: Severan revival (c. ad 180–225)
		London in the late second century
		The late second-century waterfront
		The later Severan waterfront
		Riverside buildings
		The town wall
		London renewed
	24: Britannia Superior (c. ad 225–50)
		Shadwell and suburban villas
		Renewed domestic luxury
		Mithras and other cults
		Public infrastructure
		In death
	25: The third-century ‘crisis’ (c. ad 250–70)
		The destruction of the port
		The atrophy of long-distance supply
		A slump in regional productivity?
		Signs of urban stress
		Reassessing London at a time of crisis
Part 7: The Late Antique City
	26: Restoration (c. ad 270–85)
		The riverside wall
		New patterns of procurement
		Property redevelopment
		Later Roman cemeteries and people
	27: City of emperors (c. ad 285–350)
		The ‘British empire’
		Within the city
		Redundancies
		Southwark
		The countryside
	28: Augusta (c. ad 350–80)
		Reinforcing the urban defences
		London and the Roman administration
		Wealth within and beyond the walls
		London’s first Christian communities
		The restoration of London in context
	29: Endings (c. ad 380–400)
		Debating ‘decline’
		Continuities and discontinuities
		Burial intra urbem
		Termination rituals
		London’s last Roman fortification
Part 8: Beyond Rome
	30: Fifth-century landscapes
		The desertion of the city
		Rural continuities
		Early Saxon settlement
		London after Londinium
	31: Afterword
		Describing a city of empire
		Tracing exogenous shock
		Resilience, persistence, and failure
Appendix: Excavation Sites Referred To In The Text
Notes
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
	Chapter 11
	Chapter 12
	Chapter 13
	Chapter 14
	Chapter 15
	Chapter 16
	Chapter 17
	Chapter 18
	Chapter 19
	Chapter 20
	Chapter 21
	Chapter 22
	Chapter 23
	Chapter 24
	Chapter 25
	Chapter 26
	Chapter 27
	Chapter 28
	Chapter 29
	Chapter 30
	Chapter 31
Bibliography
	Ancient and medieval sources
	Modern Sources
Index Of Sites
General Index