Livestock handling and transport

Cover......Page 1
 Livestock Handling and Transport......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Preface to the 5th Edition......Page 10
Scientific Validation of the Importance of Good Stockmanship......Page 12
Attitudes about Pain Need to Improve......Page 13
Prevent Bad from Becoming Normal......Page 14
Vocalization Indicators of Poor Restraint Methods......Page 15
Good Stock People and Euthanasia......Page 16
Providing Healthcare......Page 17
Conclusion......Page 18
References......Page 19
Videos of Handling and Livestock......Page 22
Welfare and the Sustainability of Animal Transport Procedures......Page 23
Factors that Can Result in Poor Welfare of Animals during Handling and Transport......Page 24
Assessing Welfare......Page 25
Behavioural Assessment......Page 26
General methodological points......Page 27
Adrenal cortical hormones and acute phase proteins......Page 28
Consequences of water or food shortage......Page 29
Carcass and Mortality Assessment......Page 30
Rearing conditions, experience and transport......Page 31
Vehicle design, driving methods, stocking density and welfare......Page 32
Journey duration and welfare......Page 33
Disease, welfare and transport......Page 34
References......Page 35
Introduction......Page 41
Physiological Variables......Page 42
Mortality......Page 44
Liveweight, β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), Free Fatty Acids and Liver Glycogen as Indicators of Fasting......Page 46
Plasma Osmolality, Total Protein, Albumin and Packed Cell Volume as Indicators of Dehydration......Page 48
Heart Rate, Respiration Rate, Plasma Cortisol and Glucose as Indicators of a General Reaction to Stress......Page 49
Creatine Kinase, Muscle Glycogen and Lactate as Indicators of Physical Activity......Page 50
Cattle......Page 51
Young calves (cattle less than one month of age)......Page 53
Sheep......Page 54
Pigs......Page 57
References......Page 62
Introduction......Page 69
Detrimental Effects of Fear......Page 70
Other Behavioural Indicators of Fear and Stress......Page 71
Body Type and Temperament......Page 72
Animal Memories are Specific......Page 73
Novelty Is Both Attractive and Scary......Page 74
Use Feed Rewards to Facilitate Repeated Restraint and Handling......Page 75
Previous Experience Reduces Transport and Handling Stress......Page 76
Reactions to Highly Aversive Events......Page 77
Fear......Page 78
Seek – exploration – novelty-seeking......Page 79
Early Environment Affects Exploratory Behaviour......Page 80
Nurture......Page 81
Crush/chute score may measure anger in cattle selected for extreme calmness......Page 82
Conclusions......Page 83
References......Page 84
Videos of Handling and Livestock......Page 90
Introduction......Page 91
Livestock Attracted to Light......Page 92
Never Yell at Cattle......Page 93
Basic Cattle and Livestock Behaviours that Are Governed by Vision......Page 94
Flight Zone......Page 95
Point of Balance......Page 96
Gathering Cattle and Other Livestock on Pasture......Page 98
Training Cattle to Trust People during Herding on the Range......Page 100
Leaders and Leading Cattle......Page 101
Intensive Grazing without Fences......Page 102
Stroking and Leading Cattle......Page 103
Vision and Design of Cattle Restraint Devices......Page 104
Use of solid or open sides on races......Page 105
Cover the outer perimeter to block vision......Page 106
Strategic Location of Solid Barrier to Block View of a Person Up Ahead......Page 107
Avoid Layout Mistakes when Designing Cattle-handling Facilities......Page 109
Types of Headgates......Page 113
Conclusions......Page 114
References......Page 115
Milking Centre Parlour Design......Page 121
Training heifers and cows to enter......Page 122
Behaviour and Management of Dairy Cattle......Page 124
Social Behaviour during Milking and Handling......Page 126
Threat postures......Page 127
Other dairy animals......Page 128
Handling and transport of newborn calves......Page 129
Hoof trimming......Page 130
References......Page 131
Videos of Handling and Livestock......Page 135
Introduction......Page 137
Key Aspect 2: Milking Cows Individually......Page 140
Key Aspect 3: Voluntary, Unscheduled and Variable Milking Times......Page 141
Management Consideration 1: Training Cows to Visit the AMS......Page 142
Management Consideration 2: Motivating Cows to Visit the AMS......Page 143
Management Consideration 4: Managing Healthy and Comfortable Cows......Page 144
References......Page 145
Videos of Handling and Livestock......Page 149
Type of Intensive Rearing, either Individually or in Small Groups......Page 150
Types of Smallholder in Europe and Africa......Page 151
Effects of Breed and Experience......Page 152
Oxen and Other Intensively Handled Bovines in Developing Countries......Page 153
Handling in Tie-up Stalls or Self-locking Stanchions......Page 154
Handling while Confined Closely Together as a Group in a Small Pen......Page 155
The Use of Pressure or Force on the Animal’s Body......Page 156
Pressure Applied to the Nose......Page 157
Restraint of the Head and Neck......Page 158
References......Page 159
Videos of Handling and Livestock......Page 163
Introduction......Page 164
Regulations and codes of practice......Page 165
Driver experience and training......Page 166
Handling at loading and unloading......Page 167
Loading density......Page 168
Transport Surveys......Page 169
Transport duration and distance......Page 170
Trailer ventilation and microclimate......Page 171
Animal age, size and condition......Page 173
Standing orientation and lying down......Page 174
Live weight loss......Page 175
Bovine Respiratory Disease (Shipping Fever)......Page 177
Methods of preventing bovine respiratory disease......Page 179
Management at arrival at the feedlot......Page 180
Injury, mortality, non-ambulatory and lameness......Page 181
Carcass bruising......Page 183
Meat quality......Page 184
Conclusions......Page 185
References......Page 186
Introduction......Page 195
Carcass Bruises and Skin Lesions as Indicators of Animal Welfare in South America......Page 196
Cattle handling guidelines for Nellore cattle......Page 197
Improved Stockperson Welfare on the Farm......Page 198
The Benefits of Good Stockmanship on Cow-Calf Farms......Page 199
Low-cost Corral Layout......Page 200
Research Update from Uruguay on Bruises, Pasture Systems and Truck Design......Page 201
Initiatives to Promote the Welfare of Animals on Farms......Page 202
Initiatives to Promote the Welfare of Animals during Transport in South America......Page 203
A system for livestock protection during transport: PROGAT......Page 204
Welfare of Weaner Calves and Cull Cows during Transport and Marketing in Chile......Page 205
Short-distance transport and fasting of weaner calves......Page 206
Long-distance Transport and Fasting of Weaner Calves......Page 207
Negative Effects of Prolonged Fasting of Steers before Slaughter......Page 208
Space requirements for cattle during transport......Page 209
References......Page 212
Introduction......Page 217
Effect of isolation......Page 218
Following......Page 219
Vision......Page 220
Hearing......Page 221
Intelligence......Page 222
Design of the handling environment......Page 224
The use of leader sheep and other low-stress methods......Page 225
The human as a handler......Page 226
Physiological responses to handling......Page 228
Relative aversiveness of different handling procedures......Page 229
Reducing the aversiveness and stressfulness of handling......Page 230
References......Page 232
Videos of Handling and Livestock......Page 239
Introduction......Page 240
Drafting Race......Page 241
The draft gate......Page 242
Bugle Yards......Page 243
Circular Yards......Page 244
Shearing Sheds......Page 246
Acknowledgements......Page 247
Further Reading......Page 248
Videos of Handling and Livestock......Page 249
Behaviour......Page 250
Space Allowance......Page 251
Stress......Page 252
Thermoregulation......Page 253
Feed and Water Deprivation......Page 255
Lairage......Page 256
Meat Quality, Weight Loss and Food Safety......Page 257
Fitness for Transport......Page 258
References......Page 259
Foreword......Page 265
Introduction......Page 266
Development of different behaviour patterns......Page 269
Neurotransmitter differences......Page 270
Herding Dogs......Page 271
Training information......Page 272
Guarding Dogs......Page 273
Training of guarding dogs......Page 274
Conclusions......Page 276
References......Page 277
Further reading......Page 279
Videos......Page 281
Introduction......Page 282
Feeding behaviour......Page 283
Social behaviour......Page 284
On-farm Handling and Husbandry Practices......Page 285
Ear tagging......Page 286
Disbudding......Page 287
Social isolation......Page 288
Transport and Logistics......Page 289
Transportation of kids......Page 291
Adult transport......Page 292
Sea and air transport......Page 293
Conclusions......Page 294
References......Page 295
Videos of Handling and Livestock......Page 300
Introduction......Page 301
Principles of Pig Handling......Page 302
Fear and ease of handling......Page 303
Fear of novelty (neophobia) and exploration......Page 307
Sensory characteristics......Page 308
Social behaviour......Page 309
Achieving desirable human contact......Page 310
Utilization of the characteristics of pigs to handle and control them......Page 312
Conclusion......Page 313
References......Page 314
Introduction......Page 318
Coping......Page 319
Body temperature......Page 320
Skin damage......Page 321
Transport of Pigs to Slaughter......Page 322
Loading and unloading systems......Page 323
The transport deck and compartment......Page 324
Strategies to mitigate the impact of ambient conditions......Page 325
Journey time......Page 326
Space allowance in vehicles......Page 327
Arrival at the abattoir......Page 329
International Regulations and Guidelines......Page 330
References......Page 331
Videos of Handling and Livestock......Page 338
Introduction......Page 339
Trucks/trailer in the USA......Page 340
Trucks/railers from around the world......Page 341
Transport loss definitions......Page 343
Transport Losses in the Field Indicate Opportunities......Page 344
Handling tools......Page 347
Handling intensity......Page 348
Ramps, ramp angles and lifts......Page 349
Trailer space needs......Page 350
Temperature effect......Page 352
Trailer boarding......Page 353
Conclusion......Page 354
References......Page 355
Early handling......Page 358
Tying......Page 361
Equipment for restraint......Page 362
Social behaviour......Page 363
Observational learning in horses......Page 364
Positive and negative reinforcement......Page 365
Round pen training......Page 367
Transportation......Page 368
Individual stall construction......Page 369
Stall and vehicle entrance......Page 370
Transport equipment choice and operation......Page 371
Training the horse to load, haul and unload......Page 372
Medical preconditioning, care in transit and stress monitoring......Page 373
Transport stress and post-transport performance......Page 374
Research related to transportation......Page 375
References......Page 376
Introduction......Page 381
Suitability of deer for farmed systems......Page 382
Interactions with Deer in a Wildlife Management Context......Page 383
Natural behavioural characteristics......Page 384
Handler–animal interactions and behaviour during handling......Page 386
Handling Methods and Facilities......Page 387
Human and animal safety......Page 388
Fencing......Page 389
Handling pens......Page 391
Deer squeeze crushes/crates......Page 396
General management......Page 397
Moving/gathering (mustering)......Page 398
Abattoir slaughter......Page 399
Multi-species facilities......Page 400
Wild deer capture methods......Page 401
Transport......Page 402
Vehicle design, driving quality and effects of transport on deer......Page 403
Feed, water and bedding in the transporter......Page 405
Emergency slaughter......Page 406
Bison......Page 407
References......Page 409
Further Reading and Other Resources......Page 413
Introduction......Page 415
Chicks......Page 416
Pullets......Page 417
Broilers, turkeys and ducks......Page 418
Ducks......Page 419
Hens......Page 420
Automated catching and handling systems......Page 421
Transport Practices......Page 422
Factors associated with mortality in transit (DOA)......Page 423
Thermal stress......Page 424
Trauma......Page 427
Fear and aversion......Page 428
Post-transport Handling and Environment......Page 429
Conclusions......Page 430
References......Page 431
Videos of Broiler Chicken HandlingSystems......Page 437
Introduction......Page 438
Export by ship......Page 439
Export by air......Page 440
Transport by ship......Page 441
Transport by air......Page 442
Ship......Page 443
Air......Page 445
Stocking density......Page 446
Diseases......Page 447
Inappetence......Page 448
Conclusions......Page 449
References......Page 450
Basic Disease Control Principles on the Farm for All Species of Animals......Page 453
Terminology......Page 455
Animal Health......Page 456
Environmental Considerations Surrounding Transportation......Page 457
Biosecurity for the Beef and Dairy Industries......Page 460
Public Health......Page 461
Pathogen-shedding in Beef Cattle and Its Control......Page 462
Other interventions to reduce pathogens in beef......Page 463
Shedding of pathogens in pigs and its control......Page 464
References......Page 465
Index......Page 470
Back_Cover
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