Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis (Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology)

0521849764......Page 1
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Contents......Page 10
Figures......Page 13
Table......Page 17
Preface......Page 20
Preface To Second Edition......Page 22
Acknowledgments......Page 24
The organization of the book......Page 26
Early historical development......Page 28
A perspective on microwear......Page 30
The truth about replication......Page 32
2 Basics of stone tool production......Page 36
Basic terminology......Page 37
Fracture mechanics......Page 49
Stone tool morphological dynamics......Page 55
Lithic production processes......Page 56
Lithic use processes......Page 59
Summary......Page 63
3 Lithic raw materials......Page 66
A brief review of geochemical techniques......Page 68
Electron microprobe analysis......Page 69
Atomic absorption spectroscopy......Page 70
Rock genesis......Page 71
Igneous rocks......Page 72
Igneous classification......Page 73
Sedimentary rocks......Page 75
Clastic sedimentary rocks......Page 76
Chemical precipitate sedimentary rocks......Page 78
Quartzites......Page 81
Argillites and hornfels......Page 83
Summary......Page 84
4 Getting started in lithic analysis: identification and classification......Page 86
Attributes and attribute states......Page 87
Attribute scale......Page 90
Types and typologies......Page 91
Monothetic and polythetic approaches......Page 92
Dissection and modal approaches......Page 93
Association and disassociation......Page 97
A basic chipped stone typology......Page 99
Tools and nontool artifacts......Page 100
Biface tools......Page 102
Flake tools......Page 103
Core tools......Page 106
Debitage......Page 107
Summary......Page 109
5 Flake debitage attributes......Page 111
Debitage condition and termination......Page 112
Debitage striking platforms......Page 114
Striking platform angle and facet count......Page 116
Striking platform types......Page 119
Debitage size......Page 123
Flake width......Page 124
Flake thickness......Page 126
Flake size class......Page 127
Debitage dorsal cortex......Page 128
Dorsal cortex amount......Page 129
Dorsal flake scars......Page 131
Debitage curvature......Page 134
Summary......Page 136
6 Approaches to debitage analysis......Page 138
Typological analysis of debitage......Page 139
The triple cortex typology......Page 140
The application load typology......Page 143
The technological typology......Page 145
The free-standing typology......Page 152
Debitage typological summary......Page 155
Screened size graded debitage analysis......Page 156
Weight increment analysis of debitage......Page 162
Dissecting debitage assemblages......Page 165
Summary......Page 166
7 Approaches to stone tool analysis......Page 168
Core analysis......Page 169
Classification of cores......Page 170
Core technology and raw material size......Page 176
Core technology and prehistoric mobility......Page 180
Flake tool analysis......Page 185
Flake blank production......Page 187
Flake tool prehension......Page 192
Hafting characteristics......Page 194
Blade elements on flake tools......Page 196
Retouch index......Page 200
Biface analysis......Page 202
Biface size......Page 204
Hafted biface morphology......Page 206
Reduction sequences......Page 212
Reduction trajectories......Page 218
Tool function......Page 220
Summary......Page 224
8 Artifact diversity and site function......Page 226
Artifact types and function......Page 227
Projectile point functions......Page 228
Endscraper functions......Page 230
Microblades and microliths......Page 231
Other morphologies of chipped stone tools......Page 233
Ethnographic observations on tool form and function......Page 234
Site function models......Page 235
Assemblage diversity and site function......Page 239
Assemblage diversity and site types......Page 241
Summary......Page 246
Sedentism and archaeology......Page 249
Sedentism in North America......Page 252
Core tools......Page 253
Debitage......Page 254
Occupation duration and the Mousterian of west-central Italy......Page 256
Stone tool retouch......Page 257
Raw material variability......Page 258
Raw-material qualities and relative sedentism......Page 260
Tool frequencies and raw material......Page 261
Raw-material quality......Page 264
Raw-material shape and size......Page 266
Summary......Page 268
Conclusion......Page 270
References......Page 277
Index......Page 321