Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels: Conversion Techniques

Cover......Page 1
Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels: Conversion Techniques......Page 2
©......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
Section 1 Liquids......Page 11
1. Introduction......Page 13
2.1. The chemical pathway......Page 16
3.1. The chemical pathway......Page 19
3.2. The biological pathway......Page 22
4.1. The chemical pathway......Page 27
4.2. The biological pathway......Page 28
5.1. The chemical pathway......Page 33
5.2. The biological pathway......Page 36
6. Conclusion......Page 38
Author details......Page 40
References......Page 41
1. Introduction......Page 57
2. Characterization of 2nd generation feedstock......Page 58
3. Biomass disruption in pretreatment process......Page 62
4. Toxic compounds released in pretreatment process......Page 69
5.1. Ethanol fermentation......Page 71
5.2. ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation......Page 74
6. Conclusion......Page 76
Author details......Page 77
References......Page 78
1. Introduction......Page 89
2. Experimental part......Page 91
3. Conclusion......Page 116
References......Page 117
1. Introduction......Page 119
2.1. Instruments and accessories......Page 121
2.3. Assembly of the TS-FF-AAS system......Page 122
2.5. Construction of analytical curve......Page 123
3.1. Optimization of carrier flow rate and sample volume......Page 124
3.2. Construction of analytical curves......Page 126
References......Page 128
1. Introduction......Page 135
2. Advantages of gas fermentation......Page 137
3. Feedstock and gasification......Page 138
5. Fluidized bed reactor......Page 139
6. Entrained flow reactor......Page 140
7. Microbes and biochemistry of gas fermentation......Page 141
8. Products of gas fermentation......Page 147
9. Strain improvement and metabolic engineering......Page 151
10.2. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)......Page 155
10.5. Trickle-bed reactor......Page 156
11.3. Medium formulation......Page 157
11.5. Temperature......Page 158
12.3. Pervaporation......Page 159
13. Commercialization......Page 160
14. Conclusion......Page 162
References......Page 163
1.1. Property of butanol......Page 185
1.2. Advantages of butanol as fuel......Page 186
2. Production methods of butanol......Page 187
2.2. Biological process......Page 188
3.1. Microbes......Page 190
3.2. Metabolic pathway......Page 191
3.3. Metabolic engineering......Page 193
3.4. Fermentation application......Page 195
4.3. Butanol recovery by gas stripping......Page 196
4.6. Application of ionic liquids......Page 197
5. Biobutanol production from renewable resources......Page 198
6. The promising application and prospect of biobutanol......Page 199
References......Page 200
2. History of industrial biobutanol production......Page 209
3.1. General mechanism of ABE fermentation......Page 210
3.2. Basic reasons for autoinhibition or butanol and intermediate acids toxicity......Page 213
4.1. Selection of raw materials......Page 215
4.2. Fermenting microorganisms......Page 216
4.3. Effect of medium composition, temperature and nitrogen sources......Page 219
4.4. Acetate and butyrate additives......Page 220
4.5. Effect of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen......Page 221
4.6. Other factors......Page 223
5.1. Immobilization......Page 224
5.2. Continuous fermentation......Page 227
6.2. Removal by gas stripping......Page 231
6.3. Removal by adsorption......Page 232
6.4. Basic considerations of solvent extraction......Page 234
6.5. In situ extractive fermentation......Page 236
6.6. Membrane techniques and other methods......Page 242
7. Perspectives of butanol as biofuel......Page 248
7.1. Butanol as fuel and blending component in fuel mixtures......Page 249
7.2. Butyl–ester type biodiesels......Page 250
7.3. Other types of butanol–based biofuels......Page 251
8. Conclusion......Page 252
References......Page 253
1. Introduction......Page 273
2. Engineering hydrocarbon biosynthesis pathways......Page 276
2.1. Fatty acid derived biofuels......Page 277
2.2. Isoprenoid-based biofuels......Page 279
3. Influence of feedstock on hydrocarbon-based biofuel production......Page 281
References......Page 283
References......Page 284
3.2.1. Engineering algae for biofuel production......Page 286
3.2.2. Engineering cyanobacteria for biofuel production......Page 288
3.3. Heterotrophic vs. autotrophic biofuel production......Page 289
4. Other metabolic engineering strategies for industrial production of hydrocarbon fuels......Page 290
5. Conclusions and future outlook......Page 293
Abbreviations......Page 295
Author details......Page 296
References......Page 297
1. Introduction......Page 309
2. Technical characteristics of catalytichydrotreatment......Page 311
2.1. Reaction mechanisms......Page 312
2.1.2. Saturation......Page 313
2.1.3. Heteroatom removal......Page 314
2.2. Hydroprocessing catalysts......Page 315
2.3.2. Hydrogen partial pressure......Page 317
3. Feed sand products......Page 318
3.1. Raw vegetable oils conversion to paraffinic biofuels......Page 320
3.2. Waste cooking oils conversion to paraffinic biofuels......Page 321
3.3. Pyrolysis oil upgrading......Page 323
3.4. Fischer-Tropsch wax upgrading......Page 325
3.5. Micro-algal oil conversion to biofuels......Page 326
3.6. Co-hydroprocessing......Page 327
4. Demo and industrial applications......Page 328
5. Future perspectives......Page 330
6. Conclusion......Page 331
References......Page 332
1. Introduction......Page 337
2. Hydrotreating catalytic processes in bio-oil upgrading......Page 340
2.1. Catalysts and reaction mechanisms......Page 341
2.2. Upgrading of real bio-oils......Page 344
3.1. Hydrogenolysis of sugars......Page 345
3.2. Hydrogenolysis of 5-Hydroxymethyl-Furfural (HMF)......Page 346
3.3. Hydrotreating of vegetable oils and hydrogenolysis of fatty acids......Page 347
3.4. Hydrogenolysis of glycerol......Page 348
3.4.1. Reaction mechanisms......Page 349
3.4.2. Catalytic systems......Page 352
4. Main alternatives to the use of molecular hydrogen......Page 355
4.1. Bio-oil upgrading using hydrogen donating solvents......Page 356
4.2.1. Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR)......Page 357
4.2.2. Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation......Page 358
5. Conclusions......Page 359
References......Page 360
1. Introduction......Page 367
2. Common gasoline oxygenates and their production processes......Page 368
2.3. NExTAME and NExETHERS process (by Bechtel and Neste)......Page 369
2.6. Snamprogetti process (by Snamprogetti SpA)......Page 370
4. Direct synthesis of ETBE from TBA and EtOH......Page 371
6. Advantages of microwave technology as applied to the solid-catalyzed synthesis of oxygenates from biomass-derived alcohols......Page 373
7.1. Batch experiments under atmospheric conditions......Page 375
7.2. Continuous-flow experiments under atmospheric conditions......Page 376
7.3. Microwave-assisted pressurized synthesis of ETBE......Page 377
7.4. Preliminary studies on combined reaction and separation inside microwave cavity......Page 380
8. Conclusion and future directions......Page 381
References......Page 382
Section 2 Gases and Other Products......Page 385
1.1. The trouble of organics solids wastes......Page 387
2. Generation of solids wastes in Colombia......Page 388
2.1. Colombian normativity about solid wastes......Page 390
2.2. Organic solids wastes and its energetic potential in Colombia......Page 391
3.2.1. First stage......Page 392
3.2.2. Second stage......Page 394
3.3.1. First stage......Page 395
3.3.2. Second stage......Page 401
4. Final analysis......Page 406
Author details......Page 407
References......Page 408
1. Introduction......Page 411
2.1. Experimental set up......Page 413
2.2. Results......Page 416
2.3. Model and calculations......Page 423
2.4. Discussions......Page 429
3.1. Experimental set up......Page 430
3.2. Results......Page 432
5. General conclusions......Page 437
References......Page 438
1.1. Current sources of biofuels......Page 441
1.2. Aquatic biomass......Page 443
2. Lipids and biodiesel......Page 444
2.1. Sources of lipids......Page 445
2.2. Ideal lipid characteristics for biodiesel......Page 446
2.3. Enhancement of lipid production......Page 447
3.3. Gasification......Page 448
3.5. Pyrolysis......Page 449
4. Ethanol......Page 450
5. Anaerobic digestion......Page 451
6. Conclusion......Page 454
References......Page 455
1. Introduction......Page 461
2.3. Oils rich biomaterial......Page 463
2.4. Agriculture wastes (organic and inorganic sources)......Page 464
3.1.2.1. One step transesterification......Page 465
3.1.2.2. Second step transterification......Page 466
3.2.1. Bioethanol extraction......Page 467
3.2.3. Qualitative analysis for ethanol......Page 470
3.2.4.1. Direct injected GC method......Page 472
3.3. Biogas (bio-methane) extraction......Page 473
4.1. Biodiesel......Page 475
4.1.2. Kinematic viscosity at 40 ⁰C......Page 476
4.1.5. Saponification value......Page 477
4.1.6. Cetane index......Page 478
4.2.1. Property of ethanol......Page 479
4.3.1.5. Gaseous phase......Page 480
5. Biofuel blending......Page 481
6. Material balance of biofuel product......Page 482
References......Page 486
1. Introduction......Page 489
3. Thermo-chemical conversion......Page 491
3.2. OPEFB gasification......Page 492
3.3. OPEFB torrefaction......Page 493
4. Bioconversion......Page 494
5. Conclusion......Page 496
References......Page 497
1. Introduction......Page 501
2.1. The global biofuel industry status......Page 503
2.2.1.1. Dry mill......Page 506
2.2.1.2. Wet mill......Page 507
2.2.2. Sugarcane bioethanol......Page 508
2.2.3. Lignocellulosic bioethanol......Page 510
2.2.4.2. Crude glycerol......Page 511
2.3. Sustainability through value addition......Page 513
3.1.1. As biofiller in producing polymeric biocomposites......Page 514
3.1.1.3. DDGS-phenolic resin biocomposites......Page 515
3.1.2. Other biomaterial applications......Page 516
3.2. Bagasse......Page 518
3.2.2. Bagasse-thermoset biocomposites......Page 519
3.2.4. Other biomaterial applications......Page 520
3.3.1.1. Lignin in thermoplastics......Page 521
3.3.1.2. Lignin in thermosets......Page 522
3.3.1.4. Lignin in polyurethane......Page 523
3.3.3. Lignin based carbon nanostructures......Page 524
3.3.3.2. Lignin-based carbon nanofibres......Page 525
3.4.1. Corn gluten meal......Page 526
3.4.2. Soybean meal......Page 527
3.5. Crude glycerol......Page 528
4. Conclusions......Page 530
Author details......Page 531
References......Page 532