Lipids in infant nutrition

Lipids in Infant Nutrition......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 5
Essential Fatty Acid Metabolism......Page 9
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in Preterm versus Full Term Infants......Page 10
Prostaglandins in Gestation and Parturition......Page 11
Cervical Changes and Prostaglandins......Page 12
Eicosanoids and Infections During Gestation......Page 13
Essential Fatty Acid Status in Term and Preterm Pregnancies......Page 14
Results of Human Studies......Page 15
Discussion......Page 19
References......Page 21
Introduction......Page 27
Methods......Page 28
Sample Size, Statistics, and Use of Data......Page 29
Discussion......Page 30
Acknowledgments......Page 33
References......Page 34
Introduction......Page 37
Medication......Page 39
Clinical Changes......Page 40
Discussion......Page 41
References......Page 45
Introduction......Page 47
The Concept of Validity in Research......Page 48
Internal Validity......Page 49
Construct Validity......Page 50
Justification for Animal Models......Page 51
Monkeys......Page 52
Piglets......Page 53
Rats and Mice......Page 54
Guinea Pigs......Page 56
Other Species......Page 57
Threats to Internal Validity......Page 58
Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity......Page 59
Threats to External Validity......Page 60
Threats to Construct Validity......Page 63
Conclusions......Page 64
References......Page 65
Biosynthesis of AA and DHA......Page 70
Competition at Elongation and Desaturation......Page 72
Competition with Respect to Eicosanoid Synthesis......Page 76
Sources of n-6 and n-3 Fatty Acids for Use in Infant Formula......Page 78
Use of Neonatal Pig to Study Interactions of AA and DHA......Page 80
Implications for Supplementation of Infant Formula......Page 82
References......Page 86
Introduction......Page 92
Animals and Diets......Page 93
Light Stimulus......Page 94
Modeling Receptoral and Postreceptoral Processes......Page 95
Fatty Acids......Page 96
Electroretinography......Page 97
Discussion......Page 99
References......Page 106
Lipids in Infant Nutrition......Page 110
Methods......Page 108
Partial PN......Page 109
Total PN......Page 111
Partial PN......Page 112
Discussion......Page 114
References......Page 117
Source of Oxidative Stress or Free Radical Burden......Page 119
Free Radical Generation......Page 120
Free Radical Defense......Page 121
Mechanisms for Free Radical?Mediated Diseases in Premature Infants......Page 122
Interaction of Oxidative Stress and Nutritional Deficiency in Premature Infants......Page 123
Conclusions......Page 124
References......Page 127
Human Milk Content of LCPUFA......Page 130
LCPUFA in Tissues......Page 131
Supplementation with Fish Oil......Page 132
Stresses......Page 133
Vitamin C......Page 134
Enteral and Parenteral Feeding......Page 135
Conclusions......Page 136
References......Page 137
Introduction......Page 141
Enzymes in Human Milk......Page 142
Enzymes that Aid in Digestion......Page 143
Alkaline Phosphatase......Page 144
Ceruloplasmin......Page 145
Enzymes that Function in Milk Biosynthesis......Page 146
Human Milk Antioxidants and Milk Preservatives......Page 147
Superoxide Dismutase......Page 148
Enzymes with Unknown Function......Page 149
References......Page 150
Introduction......Page 156
Short-Term Effect of Infant Feeding on Cholesterol Synthesis......Page 157
Short- and Long-Term Effect of Early Infant Feeding on Cholesterol 7?-Hydroxylase......Page 158
Conclusions......Page 159
References......Page 160
Introduction......Page 164
Subjects and Feeding Regimens......Page 165
Analytical Methods......Page 166
Results......Page 167
Discussion......Page 171
References......Page 173
Bovine Milk......Page 176
Human Milk......Page 179
Summary of Fatty Acids......Page 182
Sources and Amounts Consumed......Page 186
Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid CLA......Page 187
Introduction......Page 190
Bovine TG Structure......Page 191
Introduction......Page 193
Acknowledgments......Page 194
References......Page 195
Introduction......Page 200
Nutritional Importance of Choline......Page 201
Pregnancy and Lactation Are Times When Mothers Are Especially Sensitive to Choline Deficiency......Page 202
Milk as a Source of Choline......Page 204
Choline, Homocysteine, and Folate Are Interrelated Nutrients......Page 207
Choline and the Developing Brain......Page 209
Mechanisms by which Choline Might Influence Brain Function and Development......Page 210
References......Page 212
Introduction......Page 221
Localization and Biological Functions of Gangliosides......Page 222
Metabolism......Page 227
Bovine-Milk Gangliosides......Page 230
Human-Milk Gangliosides......Page 233
Nutritional Roles Of Gangliosides......Page 235
References......Page 239
Introduction......Page 243
Lipids in Growth and Development......Page 244
Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis......Page 245
Dietary Lipids......Page 246
Atherosclerosis and Children......Page 248
Dietary Lipids and Children......Page 249
Bone Growth......Page 250
Local Regulatory Factors Involved in Bone Metabolism......Page 251
Lipid Modification of the Fatty Acid Composition of Bone and Cartilage......Page 252
Dietary Lipids and Bone Modeling......Page 253
Degenerative Bone Diseases......Page 254
References......Page 255
Introduction......Page 260
Animals and Diets......Page 261
Determination of Enzyme Activity......Page 263
Reverse Transcription RT- Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR Quantitation of mRNA......Page 264
Statistical Analysis......Page 265
Hepatic Lipid Concentrations......Page 266
Discussion......Page 269
References......Page 272
Introduction......Page 276
Preparation of Synthesized Triacylglycerols for Use in Infant Nutrition......Page 279
Studies with Synthesized Triacylglycerols in Animals......Page 281
Studies of Synthesized Triacylglycerols in Humans......Page 283
Conclusions......Page 285
References......Page 286