Linguistic categories, language description and linguistic typology

Linguistic Categories, Language Description and Linguistic Typology
Editorial page
Title page
Coopyright page
Table of contents
1. Linguistic categories, language description and linguistic typology – An overview
	1. Introduction: The rationale for this book
	2. Language-specific vs. universal categories, description vs. comparison – A long history made short
	3. The lingtyp debate and its background
	4. Recent insights: The Linguistic Typology debate
	5. Concluding remarks
	6. The contributions to this volume
	References
2. Towards standardization of morphosyntactic terminology for general linguistics
	1. Terminological consistency and standardization
	2. Comparative concepts, language-particular categories, and natural kinds
	3. Examples of possible standard definitions of well-known terms
	4. Principles for standard morphosyntactic terms
	5. Shared-core definitions of comparative concepts
	6. Stereotypes and prototypes
	7. Standard comparative terms and language-particular description
	8. Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
3. Universal underpinnings of language-specific categories
	1. Introduction
	2. The (non-) universality of categories
		2.1 An analytical conundrum
		2.2 A theoretical controversy
			2.2.1 The generativists’ take on categories
			2.2.2 The typologists’ take on categories
		2.3 The significance of distributional (formal) patterns
			2.3.1 Patterns of multi-functionality
			2.3.2 Patterns of contrast
	3. Why do languages categorize their UoLs and how?
		3.1 The universal spine hypothesis
		3.2 Universal ingredients of categorization
	4. Beyond grammatical categories: The categories of interaction
		4.1 The extended universal spine
		4.2 Confirmationals, response markers, and other categories of interactional language
			4.2.1 A syntactic analysis of sentence final eh?
			4.2.2 The paradigmatic organization of sentence final particles. Evidence from Mandarin
			4.2.3 The functional equivalence of particles and intonation
		4.3 How sound is meaning
		4.4 The category of huh
	5. Conclusion: How to do typology
	References
4. Typology of functional domains
	1. Aims of typology
	2. Approaches to the study of functional categories
	3. Problems with conceptual frameworks (comparative concepts)
	4. Current approaches to the discovery of functions
	5. Theoretical foundations for a non-aprioristic description of functions
	6. Discovery of the function of a linguistic form
		6.1 The prerequisites for the discovery of functions
		6.2 Two types of functions in the present approach
			6.2.1 Relationship between functions as a main discovery tool
	7. The basic questions in the cross-linguistic study of functions
	8. Proposed object of typology of functions
	9. Point of view
		9.1 Point of view of the subject as a marked category
		9.2 Point of view of the subject as unmarked category
		9.3 Goal orientation
		9.4 Point of view of the subject and goal orientation in Hdi
	10. Locative predication
	11. Benefactive, malefactive, and the indirect object
		11.1 Benefactive function
		11.2 Indirectly affected argument
		11.3 Conclusions
	12. Advantages of comparing functions encoded in the grammatical systems
	13. What the typology of functional functions will look like
	Abbreviations
	References
5. Theories of language, language comparison, and grammatical description
	A. Introduction and background
	1. Introduction
		1.1 Motivation: Why this essay, and for whom
		1.2 Topic and coverage (1): General
		1.3 Topic and coverage (2): Limitations
		1.4 Method (1): General
		1.5 Method (2): Specifics
		1.6 Major theses
		1.7 Organization
	2. Background
		2.1 Logic (1): General
		2.2 Logic (2): Lambda expressions
		2.3 Logic (3): Intensions
		2.4 Logic (4): The language
		2.5 Notions of category (1): General
		2.6 Notions of category (2): Descriptive categories
	B. Determining a comparative concept: The definition of “serial verb construction”
	3. Background: Definition types
		3.1 A basic ambiguity: ‘Real’ vs. ‘nominal’ definitions
		3.2 Types of nominal definitions (1): Stipulative definitions
		3.3 Types of nominal definitions (2): Explicative definitions
		3.4 Explications and the status of explicative definitions
	4. Basic type of the definition
		4.1 The definition
		4.2 The objects of the definition: A threefold ambiguity
		4.3 The ambiguity resolved
		4.4 The definition as a nominal definition
	5. Subtype of the definition
		5.1 The definition as an explicative definition
		5.2 The explication
		5.3 The explicatum theory
	6. Background: Definition form
		6.1 Informal and formal definitions
		6.2 Requirements on stipulative definitions
		6.3 Proper definitions (1): Equivalences
		6.4 Proper definitions (2): Identities
	7. The definition of “serial verb construction”: Logical form (1)
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Formal rendering of the definition: The translation D1
		7.3 “serial verb construction”: Logical status as a 1-place predicate
	8. The definition of “serial verb construction”: Logical form (2)
		8.1 The same-language requirement: The problem of the hidden variable
		8.2 Dealing with the requirement
		8.3 Status of the hidden variable: Bound or free?
		8.4 “serial verb construction”: Logical status as a 2-place predicate
		8.5 An alternative: “serial verb construction” as a one-place function-term
		8.6 A basic inconsistency
	9. The concept of serial verb construction
		9.1 Basis for the concept
		9.2 Two ways of construing the concept
		9.3 Comparison
		9.4 Adopting the first construction of the concept
	10. Applying the concept term
		10.1 Universality statements
		10.2 Comparative statements
		10.3 Simple descriptive statements
		10.4 Identification statements
	C. ‘Comparative concepts’ vs. ‘descriptive categories’: Revising the conception
	11. Comparative concepts (1): Basics – Revisions One to Four
		11.1 First Revision: Ambiguities resolved
		11.2 Second Revision: Reference to languages made explicit
		11.3 Third Revision: The nature of concepts clarified
		11.4 Fourth Revision: Concept types based on definition types
	12. Comparative concepts (2): Intension-based concept types – Revisions Five to Seven
		12.1 Fifth Revision: Comparative concepts as properties of construction/language pairs
		12.2 Sixth Revision: Comparative concepts as properties of item/language pairs
		12.3 The problem of dealing with linguistic functions
		12.4 Seventh Revision: Comparative concepts as properties of language/function pairs
		12.5 The intension-based system of concept types
	13. Comparative concepts (3): ‘Universal applicability’ – Revision Eight
		13.1 ‘Universal applicability’ of comparative concepts: A problematic conception
		13.2 Analysis
		13.3 Interpreting “applicable”
		13.4 Unfoundedness of the essential claim
		13.5 Eighth Revision: Rejecting universal applicability, accepting degrees of generality
	14. Descriptive categories (1): The nature of descriptive categories – Revision Nine
		14.1 The problem
		14.2 Ninth Revision: Adopting a form of weak constructivism throughout
	15. Descriptive categories (2): How not to define category terms
		15.1 Background
		15.2 The problem of comparability
		15.3 Identification vs. definition: Example
		15.4 Rejection as a definition
	16. Descriptive categories (3): The proper treatment of category terms – Revision Ten
		16.1 Category terms based on comparative concept terms (1): Lambda expressions
		16.2 Category terms based on comparative-concept terms (2): Constants
		16.3 Function category terms
		16.4 Tenth Revision: Category terms as standard category terms, basic and derived
		16.5 Non-standard category terms
	17. Relating comparative concepts and descriptive categories. Concept types
		17.1 Comparative concepts and descriptive categories: The ontological relationship
		17.2 A notational convention
		17.3 The problem of ‘portable terms’
		17.4 Comparative concepts: Orientation types and origin types
		17.5 Standard comparative concepts and the overall system of types
	18. The problem of type-token relations
		18.1 The non-existence claim
		18.2 The problem of general categories
		18.3 General categories as types: Qualifying the non-existence claim
		a. Comparative concepts of the construction/language type
		b. Comparative concepts of the item/language type
		c. Comparative concepts of the language/function type
		18.4 General categories and systems of categories
	19. Theories of language, language comparison, and grammatical description
		19.1 Theories of language
		19.2 Comparative concepts and theories of language
		19.3 Comparative concepts and language comparison
		19.4 Comparative concepts and grammatical description
		19.5 General linguistics, comparative linguistics, and descriptive linguistics
	Acknowledgements
	References
6. Comparative concepts are not a different kind of thing
	1. Introduction
	2. A critical close reading of Haspelmath (2010a)
		2.1 Short summary of Haspelmath (2010a)
		2.2 Discussion of Haspelmath (2010a)
			2.2.1 The core arguments
			2.2.2 Haspelmath’s suggestions for concrete comparative concepts
	Excursus
	3. An alternative: Monotonic, multiple inheritance
		3.1 Background
		3.2 Blueprint
		3.3 Implementation
			3.3.1 A guided tour through Figure 11
			3.3.2 Beyond Figure 11
	4. Conclusion and outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
7. Essentials of the unityp research project
	0. Preliminary remarks
	1. Introduction
	2. Some essential concepts of unityp
		2.1 Driving force
		2.2 Premise (functional setting)
		2.3 Function
		2.4 Continua/dimensions
		2.5 Three areas of research (hierarchical levels)
		2.6 The three levels and the question of descriptive and comparative categories
	3. unityp in progress: New aspects and notions
	4. Categories and concepts: In memoriam Hansjakob Seiler
		4.1 Object relation: Bottom-up procedures and abduction
		4.2 Number and quantification: Abductive methodology and hermeneutic circle
	References
8. The non-universality of linguistic categories
	1. Introduction
	2. Theoretical and methodological preliminaries
	3. Functional characteristics of pluractional markers
		3.1 Core functions
		3.2 Additional functions
		3.3 Rare functions
		3.4 The pluractional conceptual space
	4. Formal properties of pluractional markers
	5. Diachronic sources of pluractional markers
	6. The grammatical status of pluractional markers in cross-linguistic perspective
	7. Conclusion
	Abbreviations (cf. Leipzig Glossing Rules)
	References
9. Parts of speech, comparative concepts and Indo-European linguistics
	1. Introduction
	2. The comparative concept debate in the field of the PoS
	3. The PoS in Latin and in Sanskrit: State of the art
		3.1 The former (Western) classifications of Sanskrit
			3.1.1 Joshi (1967) and Bhat (1994, 2000)
			3.1.2 Works following Dixon’s approach (2004)
	4. A relatively new PoS theory
		4.1 PoS-concepts
		4.2 PoS-constructions
		4.3 PoS-lexemes
	5. The Latin PoS system
	6. The RV Sanskrit PoS system
	7. Discussion and conclusion
		7.1 Historical IE linguistics
		7.2 Linguistic terminology
		7.3 Further research prospects
	List of abbreviations
	References
10. Verbal vs. nominal reflexive constructions
	1. Introduction
	2. The debate on “reflexives”
		2.1 The vagueness of “reflexives”
		2.2 Reflexive constructions in a typological perspective
			2.2.1 Faltz’s definition
			2.2.2 “Reflexives” as markers of coreference
			2.2.3 “Canonical” or “prototypical” reflexives
	3. The morphology of reflexives
	4. Verbal vs. nominal reflexives
		4.1 Definitions of “verbal” and “nominal” reflexives
		4.2 Criteria for distinguishing nominal from verbal reflexives
		4.3 Problematic cases for the distinction between verbal and nominal reflexives
	5. Conclusions
	Abbreviations
	References
11. The category ‘pronoun’ in East and Southeast Asian languages, with a focus on Japanese
	1. Introduction
	2. Person as a grammatical category
	3. Personal pronouns
	4. Pronouns in East and Southeast Asian languages
		4.1 A focus on Japanese pronouns
		4.2 Korean pronouns
	5. Ellipsis
	6. Towards an emancipatory pragmatics
	7. Conclusion
	Abbreviations
	References
Languages Index