Linear Electronics

Front Cover
Linear Electronics
Contents
Preface
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
1 Transistor Modeling for Linear Operation
	1.1 Fundamentals on Bipolar Junction Transistors and MOS Transistors
	1.2 Amplification and Biasing
	1.3 Transistor Models for Small Signal Operation at Low Frequencies
	1.4 Concluding Remarks
2 Linear Amplification
	2.1 Model of a Linear Amplifier
	2.2 Types of Amplifiers
	2.3 Feedback Amplifiers
3 Amplifier Circuits
	3.1 Voltage Amplifier
	3.2 Current Amplifier
	3.3 Transconductance Amplifier
	3.4 Transimpedance Amplifier
	3.5 Gain of Amplifiers in Series
	3.6 Noise Figure for Series of Amplifiers
4 Operational Amplifiers
	4.1 Differential Amplifier
		4.1.1 Static Condition
		4.1.2. Dynamic Operation
	4.2 Ideal Operational Amplifier
		4.2.1 Positive Feedback
		4.2.2 Negative Feedback
		4.2.3 Inverter Amplifier
		4.2.4 Non-inverter amplifier
		4.2.5 Adder Amplifier
	4.3 Real Operational Amplifier
		4.3.1 Finite Gain Influence
		4.3.2 Offset Voltage
		4.3.3 Bias Current
		4.3.4 Influence of temperature
		4.3.5 Common-mode rejection ratio
		4.3.6 Frequency Response
5 Circuits with Operational Amplifiers
	5.1 Inverting Amplifier
	5.2 Non-inverting Amplifier
	5.3 Oscillators
		5.3.1 RC Phase Shift Oscillator
		5.3.2 Wien Bridge Oscillator
	5.4 Buffer
	5.5 Comparator
	5.6 Adder
	5.7 Subtractor
	5.8 Adder/Subtractor
	5.9 Integrator
	5.10 Differentiator
	5.11 Instrumentation Amplifier
	5.12 Shifter
	5.13 Transresistance Amplifiers
	5.14 Precision Rectifier
	5.15 Logarithmic Amplifiers
	5.16 High-impedance Differential Amplifier
	5.17 Gyrator
6 Active Filters
	6.1 First-order filters
		6.1.1 Low-pass Filter
		6.1.2 High-pass Filter
		6.1.3 Band-pass Filter
	6.2 Second-order Filters
		6.2.1 Low-pass Filter
		6.2.2 High-pass Filter
		6.2.3 Band-pass Filter
		6.2.4 Band-stop Filter
7 Characterization of Operational Amplifiers
	7.1 Extraction of the Offset Voltage (Vos)
	7.2 Extraction of Total Bias Current (IB Total)
	7.3 Extraction of Offset Current (Ios)
	7.4 Extraction of the Gain
	7.5 Extraction of the Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
	7.6 Extraction of the Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)
	7.7 Extraction of the Output Swing
	7.8 Extraction of the Short-Circuit Current (Isc)
	7.9 Extraction of the Supply Current
	7.10 Offset Adjustment
8 Operational Amplifier Model
	8.1 Ebers-Moll Complete Model
	8.2 Using the Loop Test
		8.2.1 The Main Parameters
		8.2.2 The Secondary Parameters
	8.3 Basic Test Loop for Operational Amplifiers
		8.3.1 AC Parameters
		8.3.2 Vn Equations
9 Oscillators
	9.1 Types of Oscillators
	9.2 The Ideal Oscillator
	9.3 Fundamentals of Sinusoidal Oscillators
		9.3.1 Barkhausen Criterion
	9.4 Limiter Circuits
		9.4.1 An Example of a Limiter Circuit Used in Oscillators
	9.5 The Wien Oscillator
	9.6 LC Oscillators
		9.6.1 The Hartley Oscillator
		9.6.2 The Colpitts Oscillator
		9.6.3 The Armstrong Oscillator
	9.7 The Mixer Circuit
		9.7.1 Mixer as Frequency Converter
		9.7.2 Quadratic Mixers
		9.7.3 Mixers with Proportional and Quadratic Response
		9.7.4 Passive Mixers
		9.7.5 Active Mixers
	9.8 Voltage Control Oscillator
10 The Phase-Locked Loop
	10.1 General Description of PLL
		10.1.1 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
		10.1.2 Phase Comparator
		10.1.3 Low Pass Filter
		10.1.4 PLL Capture Range
		10.1.5 PLL Lock Range
	10.2 Mathematical Model of PLL
		10.2.1 Analysis of PLL under Small Signals
	10.3 The PLL Digital Circuit
	10.4 The PLL as Frequency Synthesizer
11 Continuous Wave Modulation
	11.1 Amplitude Modulation
		11.1.1 Amplitude Modulation – Double Side Band-Supressed Carrier (AM-DSB-SC)
		11.1.2 Amplitude Modulation – Double Side Band (AM-DSB)
	11.2 AM Modulators Circuits
		11.2.1 Quadratic Modulator
		11.2.2 Modulator by Switching or Synchronous
		11.2.3 Balanced Modulator
	11.3 AM Demodulator
		11.3.1 Envelope Demodulation
		11.3.2 Quadratic Detector
		11.3.3 Synchronous Detector
	11.4 Angular Modulation
		11.4.1 Narrow-Band Angle Modulator
		11.4.2 Wide-Band Angle Modulator
	11.5 FM Modulator Circuits
		11.5.1 FM Wave Indirect Generation
		11.5.2 FM Wave Direct Generation
	11.6 FM Demodulator Circuits
		11.6.1 FM Demodulation with PLL
		11.6.2 Frequency Discriminator
Appendix A: Fourier Theory
	A.1 Introduction
	A.2 The Concept of Integration
	A.3 Basic Fourier Analysis
		A.3.1 The Trigonometric Fourier Series
		A.3.2 The Compact Fourier Series
		A.3.3 The Exponential Fourier Series
	A.4 Fourier Transform
		A.4.1 Bilateral Exponential Signal
		A.4.2 Transform of the Gate Function
		A.4.3 Fourier Transform of the Impulse Function
		A.4.4 Transform of the Constant Function
		A.4.5 Fourier Transform of the Sine and Cosine Function
		A.4.6 Fourier Transform of the Complex Exponential
		A.4.7 Fourier Transform of a General Periodic Function
	A.5 Properties of the Fourier Transform
		A.5.1 Linearity of the Fourier Transform
		A.5.2 Scaling Property
		A.5.3 Symmetry Property
		A.5.4 Time Domain Shift
		A.5.5 Frequency Domain Shift
		A.5.6 Differentiation in the Time Domain
		A.5.7 Integration in the Time Domain
		A.5.8 Convolution Theorem in the Time Domain
		A.5.9 Convolution Theorem in the Frequency Domain
	A.6 Sampling Theorem
	A.7 Parseval's Theorem
References
Index
About the Authors
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