Lightweight polymer composite structures: design and manufacturing techniques

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Editor Biographies......Page 10
Contributors......Page 14
  1.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene......Page 18
  1.1.2 Properties of Graphene......Page 20
  1.1.3 Graphene-Based Polymer Composites......Page 24
 1.2 Large-Scale Production of Graphene-Based Composite Materials......Page 25
 1.3 Modeling and Simulation of Graphene-Based Lightweight Composite Materials......Page 27
 Acknowledgment......Page 29
 References......Page 30
Chapter 2 Conventional Processing of Polymer Matrix Composites......Page 38
 2.1 Introduction......Page 40
  2.1.3 Classifications of Composites......Page 41
   2.1.3.1 Based on Matrix......Page 42
  2.1.4 Comparison of Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers......Page 44
   2.1.5.1 Natural Fibers......Page 45
   2.1.5.3 Comparison of Synthetic Fibers and Natural Fibers......Page 46
  2.2.2 Viscosity......Page 47
  2.2.5 Gel-Time Test......Page 48
  2.3.1 Injection Molding......Page 49
  2.3.2 Blow Molding......Page 51
  2.3.3 Autoclave Process......Page 54
   2.3.3.1 Application......Page 55
  2.3.4 Thermoforming......Page 56
  2.3.5 Compression Molding......Page 58
  2.4.1 Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) Molding......Page 60
  2.4.2 BMC Molding......Page 62
  2.4.3 Hand Lay-Up......Page 64
   2.4.3.3 Limitations of Hand Lay-Up......Page 65
  2.4.4 Spray-Up......Page 66
  2.4.5 Resin Transfer Molding......Page 67
   2.4.5.3 Limitations of RTM......Page 69
  2.4.6 Vacuum Bagging......Page 70
  2.4.7 Pultrusion......Page 71
  2.4.8 Filament Winding......Page 73
   2.4.8.2 Benefits of Filament Winding......Page 74
  2.5.1 Microwave Heating Mechanism of Polymer Composites......Page 75
  2.5.2 Fabrication of Composites Using MACM......Page 78
  2.5.3 Advantages of MACM......Page 79
 References......Page 81
 3.1 Introduction......Page 84
 3.2 Interesting Fact about Biodegradable and Biocompatible Materials......Page 86
 3.3 Need, Necessity, and Prevention of Biodegradable and Biocompatible Materials......Page 90
 3.4 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymer Composites and Their Biomedical Applications......Page 92
 3.5 Conclusion......Page 100
 References......Page 101
 4.2 Composite Materials......Page 106
 4.4 Particulates......Page 108
 4.5 Metal Reinforcements......Page 110
 4.6 Wood Plastic Composites......Page 111
 4.7 Ceramic Reinforced Polymer Composites......Page 113
 4.8 Conclusion......Page 116
 References......Page 117
 5.1 Introduction......Page 120
 5.2 History......Page 121
  5.3.1 Resin Types......Page 125
  5.3.2 Fiber Types......Page 127
  5.4.1 Hand Lay-Up......Page 130
  5.4.2 Spray-Up......Page 131
  5.4.3 Vacuum Bagging/Autoclave......Page 132
  5.4.5 Filament Winding......Page 133
  5.4.6 Resin Transfer Molding......Page 134
  5.4.8 Long Fiber Technology (LFT)......Page 135
 5.5 Applications......Page 137
 5.6 Future Trends......Page 140
 References......Page 143
 Abbreviations......Page 148
 6.1 Introduction......Page 149
 6.2 Hybrid Composites Based on Thermoplastic Matrices......Page 152
   6.2.1.1 Functionalization and Preparation of Fillers......Page 153
   6.2.1.2 Solution Mixing and Casting/Molding......Page 154
  6.2.2 Composites Containing Natural Fibers......Page 155
  6.2.3 Composites Containing Synthetic Fibers......Page 162
  6.2.4 Composites Containing Two Different Nanocarbons......Page 164
 6.3 Hybrid Composites Based on Thermosetting Matrices......Page 172
   6.3.1.4 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)......Page 201
 References......Page 203
 7.1 Introduction......Page 210
 7.2 Macro-Mechanical Behavior of Lamina......Page 211
 7.4 Hook’s Law for Angle Lamina in Two Dimensions (2D)......Page 218
 7.5 Micro-Mechanical Behavior of Lamina......Page 222
 7.6 Analysis of Laminates......Page 226
 7.7 Visco-Elastic Behavior of the Polymer Matrix Composite......Page 230
 References......Page 236
Chapter 8 Smart Lightweight Polymer Composites......Page 242
 8.1 Introduction......Page 243
 8.2 Magnetostrictive and Magnetorheological Polymer Composites......Page 244
  8.2.1 Synthesis of Magnetostrictive and Magnetorheological Polymer Composites......Page 247
   8.2.2.4 Treatment by Coupling Agent......Page 249
 8.3 Electromagnetic Radiation Absorber Material......Page 250
  8.3.1 Mechanism of Electromagnetic Wave Loss......Page 251
   8.3.1.1 Mechanism of Dielectric Loss......Page 253
   8.3.1.2 Magnetic Loss Mechanism......Page 254
   8.3.2.3 In Situ Emulsion Polymerization......Page 256
   8.3.3.1 Characteristics of Filler......Page 257
   8.3.3.3 Size and Distribution of Filler......Page 259
   8.3.3.4 Characteristics of Polymer......Page 260
 8.4 Piezoelectric Materials......Page 262
   8.4.1.1 Synthesis of Inorganic Particulate Matters......Page 265
   8.4.1.2 Fabrication of the Polymer Composites/Nanocomposites......Page 269
  8.4.2 Factors Governing the Performance of Piezoelectric Nanogenerators......Page 270
   8.4.2.4 Characteristics of Piezoelectric Phase......Page 271
   8.4.2.5 Functionalization of Piezoelectric Phase......Page 272
   8.4.2.6 Characteristics of the Polymer Matrix......Page 273
 8.5 Conclusions......Page 275
 References......Page 276
 9.1 Introduction......Page 284
  9.2.1 Thermoset Polymers:......Page 285
  9.3.1 Types of Carbon Fibers: General Classification......Page 286
 9.5 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polymer-Based Composites......Page 287
 9.6 Mechanical Properties of Thermoset Polymer-Based Composites......Page 297
 9.7 Conclusion......Page 302
 References......Page 303
 10.1 Introduction......Page 306
  10.1.2 Melting Process......Page 307
  10.2.1 Resin Transfer Mold (RTM)......Page 308
  10.2.2 Hany Lay-up Method......Page 311
  10.3.2 Epoxy Composites......Page 312
  10.3.3 Vinyl Ester Composites......Page 314
  10.4.1 Polyester Composites......Page 315
  10.4.2 Epoxy Composites......Page 316
 10.5 Glass Fiber Thermoplastic Composites......Page 317
  10.6.1 Thermoset Composites......Page 318
  10.6.2 Thermoplastic Composites......Page 320
 10.7 Conclusion......Page 322
 References......Page 323
 11.1 Introduction......Page 326
 11.2 Types of Inorganic Nanofillers......Page 327
  11.2.2 Quantum Dots (QDs)......Page 328
  11.2.5 Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs)......Page 329
   11.2.5.1 Methods in Optimizing CNT as Reinforcement......Page 330
 11.3 Influence of Metallic Nanoparticles on the Thermoset and Thermoplastic-Based Composites......Page 331
 11.4 Influence of CNT on the Thermoset- and Thermoplastic-Based Composites......Page 336
 References......Page 340
 12.1 Introduction......Page 348
  12.2.1 Automotive Applications......Page 352
  12.2.2 Aerospace Applications......Page 355
  12.2.3 Polymer Membranes......Page 356
  12.2.4 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding......Page 357
  12.2.5 Cable Insulation......Page 359
  12.2.6 Biomedical Applications......Page 360
  12.2.7 Hydrogel......Page 361
  12.2.8 Antibacterial Polymeric Surfaces......Page 363
 12.3 Summary......Page 364
 References......Page 368
 13.1 Introduction......Page 376
 13.2 LCA Methodology for Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Composites......Page 377
  13.2.1 System Description for LCA of Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Composites......Page 378
  13.2.2 Goal and Scope of LCA Studies for Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Composites......Page 379
  13.2.3 Life Cycle Inventory and Life Cycle Impact Assessment for Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Composites......Page 382
  13.2.4 LCA Interpretation for Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Composites......Page 383
  13.3.1 Carbon Fiber Manufacturing......Page 384
  13.3.2 Thermoset and Thermoplastics Matrix Manufacturing......Page 387
  13.3.3 Fibers and Matrix Materials from Renewable Resources......Page 388
 13.4 Part Generation......Page 389
 13.5 Use......Page 392
 13.6 Recycling and End of Life......Page 393
 13.7 Main Conclusions......Page 397
 References......Page 398
Index......Page 404