Lighting for Driving: Roads, Vehicles, Signs, and Signals

Lighting for Driving: Roads, Vehicles, Signs and Signals......Page 2
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgements......Page 13
Translation......Page 14
Table of Contents......Page 0
1.2 DRIVING AS A VISUAL TASK......Page 16
1.3 THE ROLE OF LIGHTING IN DRIVING......Page 17
1.3.2 LUMINANCE CONTRAST......Page 18
1.3.3 COLOUR DIFFERENCE......Page 19
1.3.5 RETINAL ILLUMINANCE......Page 20
1.4 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIGHTING......Page 21
1.5 THE BENEFITS OF LIGHT FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACCIDENT......Page 25
1.6 SUMMARY......Page 30
2.2 LIGHT AND RADIATION......Page 33
2.3.1 DEFINITIONS......Page 35
2.3.2 SOME LIMITATIONS......Page 38
2.4 THE MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT—COLOURIMETRY......Page 39
2.4.1 THE CIE COLOURIMETRY SYSTEM......Page 40
2.4.2 COLOUR ORDER SYSTEMS......Page 42
2.4.3.2 CIE Colour Rendering Index......Page 44
2.4.3.3 Scotopic/Photopic Ratio......Page 45
2.5.1 THE INCANDESCENT LIGHT SOURCE......Page 46
2.5.2 THE TUNGSTEN-HALOGEN LIGHT SOURCE......Page 47
2.5.3 THE FLUORESCENT LIGHT SOURCE......Page 48
2.5.6 THE LOW-PRESSURE SODIUM LIGHT SOURCE......Page 49
2.5.9 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDS)......Page 50
2.6 CONTROL OF LIGHT DISTRIBUTION......Page 52
2.7 THE CONTROL OF LIGHTING......Page 53
2.8 FLUORESCENCE AND RETROREFLECTION......Page 55
2.9 SUMMARY......Page 56
3.2.1 THE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE......Page 58
3.2.2 THE RETINA......Page 59
3.2.3 THE CENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAYS......Page 62
3.2.5 COLOUR VISION......Page 64
3.3.1 EYE MOVEMENTS......Page 66
3.3.3 ADAPTATION......Page 68
3.3.4 PHOTOPIC, SCOTOPIC, AND MESOPIC VISION......Page 69
3.4.1 THRESHOLD MEASURES......Page 70
3.4.2 FACTORS DETERMINING VISUAL THRESHOLD......Page 71
3.4.3 SPATIAL THRESHOLDS......Page 72
3.4.4 TEMPORAL THRESHOLDS......Page 78
3.4.5 COLOUR THRESHOLDS......Page 79
3.5 PERCEPTION OF A SCENE......Page 80
3.6 VISIBILITY AND ACCIDENTS......Page 83
3.7 SIGHT AND DRIVING......Page 86
3.8 SUMMARY......Page 88
4.1 SOME HISTORY......Page 91
4.2 THE TECHNOLOGY OF ROAD LIGHTING......Page 92
4.3 METRICS OF ROAD LIGHTING......Page 97
4.4.1 ROAD LIGHTING STANDARDS USED IN THE US......Page 103
4.4.2 ROAD LIGHTING STANDARDS USED IN THE UK......Page 108
4.4.3 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES......Page 111
4.5 ROAD LIGHTING IN PRACTICE......Page 115
4.6 SPECTRAL EFFECTS......Page 122
4.7 THE BENEFITS OF ROAD LIGHTING......Page 130
4.8 SUMMARY......Page 132
5.2 FIXED ROAD MARKINGS......Page 136
5.3 FIXED SIGNS......Page 140
5.4 CHANGEABLE ROAD MARKINGS......Page 144
5.5 CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS......Page 145
5.6 TRAFFIC SIGNALS......Page 148
5.7 SUMMARY......Page 150
6.2.1 LIGHT SOURCES......Page 154
6.2.2 OPTICAL CONTROL......Page 155
6.3 THE REGULATION OF VEHICLE FORWARD LIGHTING......Page 157
6.3.2 FORWARD LIGHTING ELSEWHERE......Page 158
6.3.3 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES......Page 159
6.4 HEADLAMPS IN PRACTICE......Page 161
6.5 HEADLAMPS AND LIGHT SPECTRUM......Page 165
6.6.1 FORMS OF GLARE......Page 170
6.6.2 THE QUANTIFICATION OF GLARE......Page 172
6.6.3 PERFORMANCE IN THE PRESENCE OF GLARE......Page 175
6.6.4 RECOVERY FROM GLARE......Page 176
6.6.6 HID AND HALOGEN HEADLAMPS......Page 178
6.7.1 LIGHT SOURCES......Page 180
6.7.2 ADAPTIVE FORWARD LIGHTING......Page 181
6.7.3 NON-VISUAL LIGHTING......Page 182
6.8 SUMMARY......Page 185
7.2 THE TECHNOLOGY OF VEHICLE SIGNAL LIGHTING......Page 188
7.2.2 OPTICAL CONTROL......Page 189
7.3 THE REGULATION OF VEHICLE SIGNAL LIGHTING......Page 190
7.5 REAR POSITION LAMPS......Page 195
7.7 RETROREFLECTORS......Page 196
7.8 LICENSE PLATE LAMPS......Page 197
7.9 TURN LAMPS......Page 198
7.11 STOP LAMPS......Page 200
7.13 REVERSING LAMPS......Page 204
7.14 DAYTIME RUNNING LAMPS......Page 206
7.15 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS......Page 209
7.16 SUMMARY......Page 211
8.2 FUNCTIONS OF INTERIOR LIGHTING......Page 213
8.3.2 DOOR THRESHOLD LIGHTING......Page 214
8.3.6 AMBIENT LIGHTING......Page 215
8.3.9 READING LIGHTING......Page 216
8.4 INTERIOR LIGHTING RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 217
8.5 DISTURBANCE TO THE DRIVER......Page 218
8.6 DESIGN......Page 220
8.7 SUMMARY......Page 221
9.2 EFFECTS ON VISIBILITY......Page 222
9.3 EFFECTS ON DISCOMFORT......Page 230
9.4 OPTIMIZATION......Page 233
9.5 SUMMARY......Page 235
10.2 TUNNELS......Page 237
10.3 PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS......Page 242
10.4 RAILWAY CROSSINGS......Page 247
10.5 CAR PARKS......Page 249
10.6 RURAL INTERSECTIONS......Page 251
10.7 ROAD WORKS......Page 254
10.9 SUMMARY......Page 256
11.2 ADVERSE WEATHER AND ACCIDENTS......Page 260
11.3 RAIN......Page 261
11.4 SNOW......Page 265
11.5 FOG......Page 269
11.7 SUMMARY......Page 275
12.2 AGE AND ACCIDENTS......Page 278
12.3 YOUNG DRIVERS......Page 281
12.4.1 OPTICAL CHANGES IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM WITH AGE......Page 282
12.4.4 CHANGES IN VISUAL CAPABILITIES......Page 284
12.4.5 CONSEQUENCES FOR DRIVING......Page 288
12.5.1 STARTING DRIVING......Page 293
12.5.2 STOPPING DRIVING......Page 296
12.6 SUMMARY......Page 298
13.2 ASSESSING THE NEED FOR ROAD LIGHTING......Page 301
13.3 COSTS OF ROAD LIGHTING......Page 303
13.4 ENERGY CONSUMPTION......Page 306
13.5 CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS......Page 307
13.6 WASTE DISPOSAL......Page 308
13.7.1 LIGHT TRESPASS......Page 309
13.7.2 SKY GLOW......Page 312
13.7.3 GLARE......Page 320
13.8 SUMMARY......Page 321
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 324
14.2.1 PROBLEMS......Page 325
14.2.2 SOLUTIONS......Page 326
14.3.2 SOLUTIONS......Page 332
14.4.1 PROBLEMS......Page 335
14.4.2 SOLUTIONS......Page 336
14.5.1 PROBLEMS......Page 340
14.6 WHY CHANGE?......Page 341
14.7 SUMMARY......Page 343
References......Page 346