Lighting Engineering: Applied Calculations

Lighting Engineering: Applied calculations......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
1.1 Coordinate system......Page 14
1.2 Practical coordinate systems......Page 15
1.3 Transformation of coordinate systems......Page 17
1.4 Solid angle......Page 21
1.5 Light flux, luminous intensity and illuminance......Page 27
1.6 Luminous intensity distribution diagrams......Page 32
1.7 Calculation of luminous flux......Page 38
Problems......Page 45
References......Page 46
2.2 Layout of I-tables......Page 47
2.3 Interpolation in the I-table......Page 50
2.4 Turning the luminaire about the photometric axes in the (C, γ) coordinate system......Page 58
2.6 Calculation of luminous flux from I-tables......Page 70
2.7 File formats for the electronic transfer of luminaire photometric data......Page 74
Problems......Page 78
References......Page 79
3.1 Illuminance as a vector quantity......Page 80
3.2 Illuminance on an oblique plane......Page 81
3.4 A special case – uniform diffusion......Page 85
3.5 An important tool: the principle of equivalence......Page 87
3.6 Uniformly diffuse sources......Page 88
3.7 Non-uniformly diffuse area sources......Page 101
3.8 Non-planar illuminance......Page 117
3.9 The scalar product......Page 125
3.10 Examples......Page 129
Problems......Page 132
References......Page 133
4.2 Reciprocity......Page 134
4.3 Flux transfer from a point source......Page 139
4.4 Flux transfer from a linear source......Page 147
4.5 Flux transfer between opposite parallel rectangular surfaces......Page 161
4.6 Flux transfer to a vertical surface......Page 174
4.7 Flux transfer within a cylindrical enclosure......Page 175
4.8 Cavities......Page 180
References......Page 181
5.1 Introduction......Page 182
5.2 Radiosity......Page 183
5.3 Luminaires......Page 184
5.4 Louvres......Page 190
5.5 Interreflections in rooms......Page 196
References......Page 213
6.2 Approaches to optical design......Page 214
6.3 The light source......Page 215
6.4 General principles......Page 217
6.5 Reflector systems......Page 219
6.6 Metallic light guides using specular reflection......Page 245
6.7 Diffuse reflection and transmission......Page 246
6.8 Refractor systems......Page 247
References......Page 281
7.1 Introduction......Page 283
7.2 The R, G, B system......Page 285
7.3 The CIE system......Page 288
7.4 Non-uniformity of the CIE (1931) diagram......Page 301
7.5 Correlated colour temperature......Page 302
7.6 Colour sample systems......Page 305
7.8 Subtractive colour mixture......Page 307
7.9 Colour rendering and the CIE colour rendering index......Page 311
7.10 Visualization and colour......Page 312
Bibliography......Page 313
8.1 General......Page 314
8.2 Example......Page 316
8.3 Designed appearance lighting......Page 330
8.4 Accuracy in calculations......Page 335
8.5 Cubic illuminance......Page 336
8.6 The illumination solid......Page 349
8.7 CSP......Page 352
8.8 Visualization......Page 356
References......Page 357
9.2 Lighting and accidents......Page 359
9.3 Visibility of objects on the road......Page 360
9.4 Some road lighting terminology......Page 361
9.5 Lighting the road surface......Page 363
9.7 Conventions for installation geometry......Page 365
9.8 Calculation of road surface luminance......Page 366
9.9 Calculation of threshold increment......Page 379
9.11 Surround ratio......Page 382
9.12 Lighting classification of roads, and associated quality criteria......Page 383
9.13 Measures of visibility......Page 384
9.14 Maintenance factors......Page 387
9.15 Tabular and graphical methods of calculation......Page 389
9.16 Perspective view of the road......Page 397
9.17 National variations......Page 398
9.18 Critique of luminance design......Page 399
References......Page 400
10.2 Lighting and crime......Page 402
10.4 Lighting levels......Page 403
10.6 Glare......Page 405
10.8 Design data......Page 406
10.9 Derivation of utilization factors......Page 411
References......Page 414
11.2 A diversion: the black hole effect and adaptation level......Page 415
11.4 Types of lighting......Page 416
11.6 Lighting of the entrance to the threshold zone......Page 417
11.7 Lighting within the threshold zone......Page 419
11.9 Lighting of the transition zone......Page 420
11.10 Lighting of the exit zone......Page 421
11.13 Variation of lighting levels with daylight levels......Page 422
References......Page 423
12.3 Design criteria......Page 424
12.4 Training plan......Page 428
12.5 Floodlighting diagram......Page 430
12.6 Illuminance in complex situations......Page 438
12.7 The floodlighting of buildings......Page 444
12.9 Lighting levels and design calculations......Page 445
12.10 Public buildings and statues......Page 450
Problems......Page 451
References......Page 452
13.1 Airfield lighting......Page 453
13.2 Emergency lighting......Page 462
References......Page 463
14.2 The overcast sky......Page 465
14.3 Window area......Page 468
14.4 Development of the coefficients C and D G......Page 472
14.5 Daylight factor at a point......Page 479
References......Page 483
15.2 Photoelectric cells......Page 484
15.3 Light distribution photometry......Page 486
15.4 Basic components for a light distribution photometer......Page 488
15.5 Light distribution goniophotometers for the (C,γ) coordinate system......Page 490
15.6 Goniophotometers for floodlights and projectors......Page 500
15.7 Checking the alignment of a goniophotometer......Page 501
15.8 Determination of light output ratios by integrators......Page 504
15.9 Practical procedures for testing luminaires......Page 509
15.10 Measurement of r-tables......Page 512
15.11 Illuminance measurements......Page 513
15.12 Luminance measurements......Page 518
References......Page 523
Appendix: Lighting bodies and associated standardizing organizations......Page 524
Index......Page 526
Color Plate Section......Page 532