LIGHT AND LENS : photography in the digital age.

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Artist Contributors
Chapter 1—Why We Make Pictures
	A Concise History of Visual Ideas
	Not Just Pictures but Photographs
	The Grammar of Photography
	The Evolution of Photographic Imaging
	Full Circle: Some Things Remain the Same
	Determining Meaning
	Before Photoshop
		Combination Printing
		The Advent of Straight Photography
		The Pictorialists
		The Photo-Secessionists
		The Arrival of Straight Photography
	Modernistic Approaches
		Documentary/Photojournalistic Approach
		Straight Photography and Previsualization
		Group f/64 and the Zone System
		Postvisualization
		Social Landscape and the Snapshot Aesthetic
		The Alternative Scene
		The Rise of Color Photography
		Postmodernism
	Electronic Imaging: New Ways of Thinking
	The Digital Imaging Transformation
	New Media
	Questions Regarding Photo-Based Imagemaking
	References
Chapter 2—Design: Visual Foundations
	Learning to See: Communicating with Design
	Beginner’s Mind
	The Design Process
	The Nature of Photography: Subtractive Composition
	Departure Point
	Attention Span and Staying Power
	Photography’s Privilege
	The Language of Vision
	Photography’s Native Characteristics
	Design Principles
		Unity and Variety
		Emphasis
		Scale and Proportion
		The Golden Mean: The Rule of Thirds
		Balance
	Visual Elements
		Line
		Shape
		Space
		Texture
		Pattern
		Symbolism
		General Symbol Categories
		Shapes and Their General Symbolic Associations
		Color Symbolism
		Common Symbols and Some Potential Associations
	References
Chapter 3—Image Capture: Cameras, Lenses, and Scanners
	The Role of a Camera
	What Is a Camera?
	How a Camera Imaging System Works
	Digital Cameras
		Digital Observations
		Image Sensors: CCD and CMOS
		Color Filter Array: Bayer Filter Mosaic
		Pixels
		Image Resolution
		PPI: Pixels per Square Inch and Digital Camera Resolution
		DPI: Dots per Square Inch and Printer Resolution
		The Differences between PPI and DPI
		Visual Acuity and 300 DPI
	Types of Digital Cameras
		Compact Digital Cameras
		Digital Single-Lens Reflex Cameras
		Single-Lens Translucent Cameras
		Mirrorless Cameras
		Smartphone Cameras
		Other Camera Types
	Choosing a Camera
	Camera File Formats
		Image Compression Algorithms: Lossless and Lossy
		Major Image File Formats
		JPEG
		HEIC
		TIFF
		RAW and Post-Processing
		DNG
		Opening Files
	The Lens System and Exposure
		Aperture
		Aperture/f-Stop Control/Shutter Control/ Exposure Modes
		Depth of Field
		Lens Focal Length
		Focusing the Image
		Autofocus Modes
		Types of Lenses
		Zoom Lens
		Normal Lens
		Wide-Angle Lens
		Telephoto Lens
		Special-Use Lenses
		Shutters: Rolling and Global
		Shutter Speed Control
		Shutter Lag
		Shutter Modes
		Determining Exposure
	Digital Camera Features
		Resolution and Print Size
		Monitor
		Monitor Playback Mode and Histogram
		Metadata/EXIF
		Optical and Digital Zoom
		Digital ISO/Sensitivity
		Digital Aberrations: Noise, Banding, Blooming, and Spots
		White Balance
		Metering Modes
		Aspect Modes
		Color Modes
		Image Enhancement and Scene Modes
		Special Effect Modes
		Video Mode
		Sharpening Mode
		Guide or Help Mode
		Noise Reduction
		Image Stabilization
		Flash
		Memory Buffer
		Removable Camera Memory Storage
		Firmware
		Software: You Press the Button and the Camera Does the Rest
		Battery
		Battery Choices
		Battery Care in Cold Conditions
	Camera, Lens, Monitor, and Sensor Care
		Protection against the Elements
	Scanners
		Flatbed and Film Scanners
		Drum Scanners
		Scanning Guidelines
		Scanning Steps
	Frame Grabber
		Effects on Photojournalists and Event Photographers
	Storing Digital Images
		Digital Asset Management (DAM)
		Storage Media for Final Image Files
		Compact (CD), Digital Versatile (DVD) Discs
		Mechanical Storage
		Internal Hard Disk Drives
		External Hard Disk Drives
		Solid-State Storage: Hard Drives, USB Drives, Jump Drives, and Flash Memory Media
		Image Transfer
		Cloud Storage
	Living Images: Authorship, Access, and the World’s Largest Picture Book
Chapter 4—Exposure and Filters
	Exposure Basics
		Camera Light Meters Are 18 Percent Gray Contrast
		Reflective and Incident Light
		How a Light Meter Works
		How a Histogram Works
		Using a Gray Card
		Camera Metering Programs
		Using a Camera Monitor
		Electronic Viewfinder (EVF)
		How a Meter Gets Deceived
		Exposure Bracketing
		Exposure Compensation
		Manual Override
		Handheld Meters
		Brightness Range
		Exposing to the Right
		High Dynamic Range (HDR) Imaging
		Basic Light Reading Methods
		Average Daylight
		Brilliant Sunlight
		Diffused Light
		Dim Light
		Contrast Control/Tone Compensation
		Light Metering Techniques
		Electronic Flash and Basic Fill Flash
		Red Eye
		Unusual Lighting Conditions
		Subject in Shadow
		Subject in Bright Light
		Zoom Exposure
		Averaging Incident and Reflect Exposures
		Scene Mode Exposures
		Reciprocity Law
		Long Exposures and Digital Noise
	Filtering the Light
		Our Sun: A Continuous White Light Spectrum
		Color Temperature and the Kelvin Scale
		The Color of Light
		White Balance
		Camera Color Modes
		Color Saturation Control
		Hue Adjustment/RGB Color Mixing
		Why a Color May Not Reproduce Correctly
		Lens Filters
		How Filters Work
		Filter Factor
		Neutral Density Filters
		Controlling Reflections: Polarized and Unpolarized Light
		What a Polarizing Filter Can Do
		Using a Polarizer
		Linear and Circular Polarizers
		Ultraviolet, Skylight, and Haze Filters
		Special Effects Filters
		Homemade Color and Diffusion Filters
		Digital Filters and Plugins
		Fluorescent and Other Gas-Filled Lights
		High-Intensity Discharge Lamps/Mercury and Sodium Vapor Sources
Chapter 5—Interpreting Light
	Natural Light
		The Thingness of Light
		Good Light
		Light and the Camera
	The Time of Day/Types of Light
		The Cycle of Light and Its Basic Characteristics
		Before Sunrise
		Morning
		The Golden Hour
		Midday
		Afternoon
		Sunset
		Twilight/Evening
		Night
		Moonlight
		The Seasons
		The Weather and Atmospheric Conditions
		Fog and Mist
		Rain
		Snow
		Snow Effects
		Dust
		Heat and Fire
		Beach and Desert
	Artificial Light
		Add a Light
		The Size of the Main or Key Light
		The Placement of the Light
		Contrast/Brightness Range
	Basic Lighting Methods
		Front Light
		Side Light
		High Side Light
		Low Side Light
		Top Light
		Back Light
		Under Light
	Lighting Accessories
		Barn Doors
		Diffuser
		Gels
		Reflector Card
		Seamless Paper Backdrops
		Snoot
		Studio Strobes
	References
Chapter 6—Observation: Eyes Wide Open
	How We See
		Literacy
		Learning to Look
		The Difference between Artistic and Scientific Methods
		Visual Literacy and Decision Making
	Why We Make and Respond to Specific Images
		Victor Lowenfeld’s Research
		Visual-Realists as Imagemakers
		Visual-Realist Photographic Working Methods
		Haptic-Expressionist Imagemakers
		Haptic–Expressionist Photographic Working Methods
	The Effects of Digital Imaging
		Photography’s Effect on the Arts
		Pushing Your Boundaries
	Aesthetic Keys for Color and Composition
		The Color Key
		The Composition Key
		Recognizing the Keys
	Figure-Ground Relationships
		The Importance of Figure-Ground Relationships
Chapter 7—Time, Space, Imagination, and the Camera
	In Search of Time
	The Perception of Time
	Controlling Camera Time
		Exploring Shutter Speeds: The Decisive Moment
		Extending the Action/Deconstructing The Decisive Moment
		Stopping the Action
		Smartphone Cameras: Controlling Shutter Speeds
		Stopping Action with Electronic Flash
		Blur and Out-of-Focus Images
		Motion Blur Filters
		Lensbaby: Bokeh/Selective Focus
		The Pan Shot
		Equipment Movement
		Free-Form Camera Movement
		Flash and Slow Shutter Speed
		Extended Time Exposures
		Drawing with Light
		Projection
		Multiple Images
		Sandwiching/Overlapping Transparencies
		Rephotography
		Post Documentary Approach
		Post-Camera Visualization
		Sequences
		Using a Grid
		Many Make One
		Contact Sheet Sequence
		Joiners
		Slices of Time
		Photomontage and Compound Images
		Photographic Collage
		Three-Dimensional Images: Physical and Virtual
		Image-Based Installations
		Public Art
		Social Media
		Recomposing Reality
	Timeline Animation
		Getting Started: Making Your Timeline Animation
	References
Chapter 8—Digital Studio: The Virtual and the Material Worlds
	The Megapixel Myth
		Pixel Size Matters
	Displaying the Image File: Screen or Print
		Pixels per Inch (PPI) and Dots per Inch (DPI)
		Sizing a Digital File
		Resampling or Interpolation
	Preserving Original Capture
		Working with RAW File Formats
	True Resolution in the Physical World
		Default Image Preview Confusion
		Digital Post-Capture Software Programs
		The Image Window
		The Bottom Line: Best Setting to Get the Desired Results
	Making Photographic-Quality Prints
		Inkjet Printers: Converting DPI to Dots
		Droplet Size: Picoliters
		Paper: Uncoated and Coated
		Inks: Dye and Pigment Based
		Print Permanence
		Printing Systems and Output Concerns
	Image Correction and the Computer Workstation
		The Color Monitor
		How Monitors Display Color
		Bit Color
		Comparing 8-Bit and 16-Bit Modes
		Color Management (ICC Profiles)
		Controlling Color Space: Profiles and Lights
		WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get
		Lighting in the Work Space
		Digital Colors: CMYK and RGB
		Digital Memory
	Software and Imaging Applications
		Raster/Bitmapped Software
		Vector Graphics Software
	Basic Digital Imaging Categories and Tools
		Top Main Menu Options
		Cut/Copy and Paste Functions
		Scale and Distort Functions
		Digital Filter Function
		Toolbar Icons for Additional Photo Editing
	Common Toolbar Icons from Photoshop
		Additional Toolbar Tools
		Additional Photoshop Tools
	The Computer as a Multimedia Stage: Moving Images
	The Internet and the World Wide Web
		Information Sharing: Search Engines and Weblogs
		Digital Galleries
	The Digital Future
	References
Chapter 9—Presentation and Preservation
	Digital Retouching and Repair
	Archival Presentation
		Presentation Materials
		Mat Board Selection
		Window Mat
		Dry and Wet Mounting
		The Dry-Mounting Process
		Cold Mounting
		Floating a Print
		Frames
		Unusual Frames and Presentations
		Portfolios
		Books: Print on Demand
		Images on a Screen: Web Sharing
		Website Design/HTML
	Factors Affecting Print Preservation
		Factors Affecting Print Stability
		Color Print Life Span
		Print Display Environment
		Storage Environment
	Digital Archives
		Long-Term Storage and Migrating Digital Archives
		Transferring Film-Based Images to a Digital Format
		Digital Assessment Management (DAM): Post-Production Software
	Digital Print Stability
		Dye-Based Inks
		Pigmented Inks
		Printing Media
		Protecting Pigment Prints
	Camera Copy Work
		Lens Selection: Macro Lens/Mode
		Copy Lighting
		Exposure
	Presenting Your Work
		Shipping
		Copyright of Your Own Work
		Where to Send Work
Chapter 10—Seeing with a Camera
	The Framing Effect: Viewpoint
		Seeing Dynamically
		Working Methods
		Effectively Using Angles of View
	Selective Focus
	Contrast
		Complementary Colors
		Warm and Cool Colors
		Creating Color Contrast
	Dominant Color
		Be Straightforward
		Sustaining Compelling Composition
	Harmonic Color
		Effective Harmony
	Isolated Color
		Chance Favors the Prepared Mind
	Monochrome Images
		The Personal Nature of Monochrome
		Color Contamination
		Aerial Perspective
	Perspective
		Essential Methods of Perspective Control
		Converging Lines
	Subdued Color
		Operational Procedures
	Highlights and Shadows
	Attraction and Repulsion
		Surmounting Preconceptions
	Counterpoints and Opposites
Chapter 11—Solutions: Thinking and Writing about Images
	Thinking Structure: A Process for Discovery and Problem Solving
	A Thinking Model
		Stage 1: Thinking Time
		Stage 2: Search for Form
		Stage 3: Definition and Approach
		Stage 4: Bringing It Together
		Stage 5: Operations Review
		Stage 6: Evaluation
	The Photograph as a Matrix
	Size Matters
	Communicating Culural Knowledge
	The Image Experience: Photographing Meaning is Changeable
	Writing about Images
		Writing an Artist’s Statement
	Essentials of Image Discussion
	John Cage’s Rules
	References
Chapter 12—Imagemaker on Assignment
	Making Portraits: Who Am I and Who Are You?
		Self-Portrait Research
		Self-Portraits
		Portrait of Another Person
		Environmental Portrait
	Fauxtography: Photography’s Subjective Nature
		Truthiness and Wikiality
	Picturing Social Identity
		Depicting Social Customs
		Who Can Represent Us?
	Interior Experience: The Significance of Daily Life
		Philosophical Belief: Optimism, Pessimism, and Existentialism
		Psychological Drama
		Social Issues
	Fabrication for the Camera: Directorial Mode
		The Social Landscape
	Still Life
		Still-Life Deliberations
	The Human Form
	The Screen: Another Picture Reality
		Alternative Approaches
	Text and Images
	Artists’ Books and Albums
	Self-Assignment: Creation and Evaluation
		Evaluation Guide—Before Making Images
		Guide to Evaluation—After Photographing
Addendum 1 Safety: Protecting Yourself and Your Digital Imaging Equipment
	Ergonomic Workstations
	Monitor Emissions: ELF/VLF
	Eyestrain
	Proper Posture/Lower Back Problems
	Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
	Taking Breaks
	Neutral Body Positioning
	Change Your Working Position
Addendum 2 Careers
	The Working Photographer
	Getting Started
	References
Index