Lifespan Development in Context: A Topical Approach

Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Part I: Foundations of Development
	1 Understanding Human Development: Approaches and Theories
		What Is Lifespan Human Development?
			Development Is Multidimensional
			Development Is Multidirectional
			Development Is Plastic
			Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts
			Developmental Science Is Multidisciplinary
		Basic Issues in Lifespan Human Development
			Continuities and Discontinuities in Development
			Individuals Are Active in Development
			Nature and Nurture Influence Development
		Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
			Psychoanalytic Theories
			Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
			Cognitive Theories
			Sociocultural Systems Theory
			Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory
		Research in Human Development
			The Scientific Method
			Methods of Data Collection
			Research Designs
			Developmental Research Designs
		Ethical Issues in Research
			Responsibilities to Participants
			Responsibilities to Society
Part II: Biological Development and Health
	2 Biological and Environmental Foundations and Prenatal Development
		Genetic Foundations of Development
			Genetics
			Patterns of Genetic Inheritance
		Chromosomal and Genetic Problems
			Genetic Disorders
			Chromosomal Abnormalities
			Mutation
			Predicting and Detecting Genetic Disorders
		Heredity and Environment
			Behavioral Genetics
			Gene–Environment Interactions
			Epigenetic Framework
		Prenatal Development
			Germinal Period (First 2 Weeks After Conception)
			Embryonic Period (3 to 8 Weeks After Conception)
			Fetal Period (9 Weeks to Birth)
			Childbirth
			Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies
		Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
			Principles of Teratology
			Types of Teratogens
			Maternal Characteristics and Behaviors
	3 Physical Development and Aging
		Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
			Patterns of Growth
			Growth in Infancy
			Growth in Early and Middle Childhood
			Biological and Contextual Influences on Growth
		Physical Development in Adolescence
			Growth in Adolescence
			Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics
			Biological and Contextual Influences on Pubertal Timing
			Psychosocial Effects of Early and Late Puberty
		Physical Changes in Adulthood
			Changing Appearance
			Body Shape, Muscle, and Bone
			Reproductive Changes in Women
			Reproductive Changes in Men
			Theories of Aging
		Eating and Exercise Over the Lifespan
			Eating Behaviors in Infancy and Childhood
			Eating Behaviors in Adolescence
			Eating Behaviors in Adulthood
			Obesity
			Physical Activity and Exercise
	4 Brain, Perception, and Motor Development
		Brain Development
			The Neuron
			Experience and Brain Development
			Brain Development in Infancy
			Brain Development in Childhood
			Brain Development in Adolescence
			Brain Development in Adulthood
		Motor Development
			Gross Motor Development
			Fine Motor Development
			Biological and Contextual Determinants of Motor Development
			Motor Development as a Dynamic System
			Motor Development and Aging
		Sensation and Perception
			Sensory and Perceptual Development
			Sensory Changes in Adulthood
	5 Health
		Common Health Issues in Infancy and Childhood
			Infectious Disease and Immunization
			Childhood Injuries
			Child Maltreatment
			Mortality in Infancy and Childhood
		Common Health Issues in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
			Eating Disorders
			Alcohol and Substance Use and Abuse
		Common Health Issues in Adulthood
			Cancer
			Diabetes
			Cardiovascular Disease
			Osteoporosis
			Arthritis
			Injuries
		Dementia in Older Adulthood
			Alzheimer’s Disease
			Vascular Dementia
			Parkinson’s Disease
			Reversible Dementia
Part III: Cognitive Development
	6 Cognitive Change: Cognitive–Developmental and Sociocultural Approaches
		Piaget’s Cognitive–Developmental Perspective: Cognition in Infancy and Early Childhood
			Processes of Development
			Infancy: Sensorimotor Reasoning
			Early Childhood: Preoperational Reasoning
		Piaget’s Cognitive–Developmental Perspective: Cognition in Middle Childhood and Adolescence
			Middle Childhood: Concrete Operational Reasoning
			Adolescence: Formal Operational Reasoning
		Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
			Scaffolding and Guided Participation
			Zone of Proximal Development
			Cultural Tools
			Evaluating Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
		Cognitive Development in Adulthood
			Postformal Reasoning and Reflective Judgment
			Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive–Emotional Complexity
			Evaluating Cognitive–Developmental Approaches to Adult Development
	7 Cognitive Change: Information Processing Approach
		The Information Processing System
		Information Processing in Infancy
			Attention in Infants
			Memory in Infants
			Infants’ Thinking
		Information Processing in Childhood
			Attention in Children
			Working Memory and Executive Function in Children
			Long-Term Memory in Children
			Children’s Thinking and Metacognition
		Information Processing in Adolescence
			Attention, Memory, and Executive Function in Adolescents
			Thinking and Metacognition in Adolescence
			Brain Development and Adolescent Cognition
		Information Processing in Adulthood
			Attention, Memory, and Processing Speed in Adults
			Expertise, Problem Solving, and Wisdom
			Influences on Cognitive Change in Adulthood
	8 Intelligence
		Psychometric Approach to Intelligence
			Components of Intelligence
			Measuring Intelligence
			What Does IQ Predict?
		New Approaches to Intelligence
			Intelligence as Information Processing
			Neurological Approach to Intelligence
			Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
			Multiple Intelligences
		Development of Intelligence
			Infant Intelligence
			Stability and Change in Intelligence in Childhood and Adolescence
			Intellectual Change in Adulthood
		Group Differences in IQ
			Genetics and IQ
			Context and IQ
			Reducing Cultural Bias in IQ Tests
		Giftedness, Intellectual Disability, and Special Needs
			Giftedness
			Intellectual Disability
			Learning Disabilities
			Autism Spectrum Disorders
			Special Education
	9 Language Development
		Foundations of Language
		From Sounds to Symbols: Language Development in Infancy
			Early Preferences for Speech Sounds
			Prelinguistic Communication
			First Words
			Learning Words: Semantic Growth
			Two-Word Utterances: Emerging Syntax and Pragmatics
		Language Development Over the Lifespan
			Advances in Language During Early Childhood
			Language Development in School-Age Children and Adolescents
			Language Development During Adulthood
		Perspectives on Language Development
			Learning Theory and Language Development
			Nativist Theory and Language Development
			Interactionist Perspective on Language Development
		Contextual Influences on Language Development
			Infant-Directed Speech
			Culture and Language Development
			Poverty and Language Development
			Bilingualism and Learning a Second Language
Part IV: Socioemotional Development
	10 Emotional Development
		Emotional Development in Infancy
			Infants’ Emotional Experience
			Emotion Regulation
			Social Interaction and Emotional Development
			Contextual Influences on Emotional Development
		Emotional Development in Childhood
			Emotional Understanding
			Emotion Regulation
			Contextual Influences on Children’s Emotional Development
		Emotional Development in Adolescence and Adulthood
			Adolescent Moods
			Adults’ Emotional Experience
			Stress, Coping, and Hardiness
		Attachment
			Bowlby’s Ethological Perspective on Attachment
			Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
			Promoting Secure Attachment in Infancy
			Cultural Variations in Attachment Classifications
			Attachment-Related Outcomes in Childhood and Adolescence
			Adult Attachment
		Temperament
			Styles of Temperament
			Stability of Temperament
			Context and Goodness of Fit
			Cultural Differences in Temperament
	11 Self, Identity, and Personality
		Self-Concept
			Self-Concept in Infancy
			Children’s Self-Concept
			Self-Concept in Adolescence
			Adult Self-Concept
		Self-Esteem
			Children’s Self-Esteem
			Adult Self-Esteem
		Identity
			Identity Status
			Influences on Identity Development
			Developmental Shifts in Identity
			Outcomes Associated With Identity Development
			Ethnic Identity
		Personality
			Trait Approach to Personality
			Personality as Psychosocial Stages
	12 Moral Development
		Moral Reasoning
			Children’s Understanding of Rules: Piaget’s Perspective
			Children’s Conceptions of Justice: Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Perspective
			Contextual Influences on Moral Reasoning
			Understanding Social Conventions
		Prosocial Behavior
			Development of Empathy and Prosocial Behavior
			Influences on Prosocial Behavior
		Moral Socialization
			Self-Control
			Social Learning
			Discipline
		Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
			Development of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
			Aggression and Peer Victimization
			Antisocial and Delinquent Behavior
			Influences on Aggression
		Religion and Spirituality
			Religion and Spirituality in Childhood
			Adolescent Religion and Spirituality
			Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood
	13 Gender and Sexuality
		Gender Stereotypes, Gender Differences, and Gender Development
			Gender Stereotypes and Gender Role Norms
			Sex Differences
			Gender Development in Infancy
			Gender Development in Childhood
			Gender Development in Adolescence
			Gender Roles in Adulthood
		Influences on Gender Development
			Biological Explanations
			Cognitive-Developmental Explanations
			Contextual Explanations
		Emerging Sexuality
			Childhood Sexuality
			Adolescent Sexuality
			Sexual Orientation
		Sexuality and Sexual Activity
			Sexual Activity in Adolescence
			Sexual Activity in Emerging Adulthood
			Sexual Activity in Adulthood
			Sexuality and Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood
Part V: Contexts of Development
	14 Social Relationships: Family and Peers
		Social Transitions and Family Formation
			Singlehood
			Cohabitation
			Marriage
			Same-Sex Marriage
			Divorce
			Childbearing
			Childlessness
		Family Constellations
			Single-Parent Families
			Cohabiting Families
			Same-Sex-Parented Families
			Divorced and Divorcing Families
			Blended Families
		Parenting
			Parenting Styles
			Culture, Context, and Parenting
			Parent–Child Relationships, Conflict, and Monitoring
		Family Relationships in Adulthood
			Parent–Adult Child Relationships
			Grandparenthood
			Caring for Aging Parents
		Peer Relationships
			Peer Relationships in Childhood
			Peer Relationships in Adolescence
			Peer Relationships in Adulthood
	15 School, Achievement, and Work
		Early Childhood and Elementary Education
			Child–Centered and Academically Centered Programs
			Early Childhood Education Interventions
			Transition to First Grade
			Grade Retention and Social Promotion
			Reading and Mathematics
		Secondary and Postsecondary Education
			Transition to Junior High or Middle School and High School
			Contextual Influences on Adjustment at School
			School Dropout
			Developmental Impact of Attending College
			Nontraditional College Students
			The Forgotten Third
		Achievement Motivation
			Mastery Motivation
			Achievement Attributions and Outcomes
			Contextual Influences on Achievement Attributions and Motivation
		Career Development, Work, and Retirement
			Career Development
			Work
			Retirement
Part VI: Endings
	16 Death and Dying
		Patterns of Mortality and Defining Death
			Mortality
			Defining Death
			End-of-Life Issues
		Conceptions of Death Across the Lifespan
			Children’s Understanding of Death
			Adolescents’ Understanding of Death
			Adults’ Understanding of Death
		Dying and the Experience of Death
			The Dying Process
			Emotional Reactions to Dying
			The Experience of One’s Death
		Bereavement and Grief
			Grief Process
			Models of Grieving
			Contextual Influences on the Grief Process
			Adjusting to the Death of a Loved One
			Bereavement in Childhood and Adolescence
References
Glossary
Index