Liberty, equality, power. Volume I, To 1877: a history of the American people

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
MAPS......Page 16
MUSICAL LINK TO THE PAST......Page 17
TO THE STUDENT......Page 18
PREFACE......Page 24
CHAPTER 1 WHEN OLD WORLDS COLLIDE: CONTACT, CONQUEST, CATASTROPHE......Page 31
CHRONOLOGY......Page 33
The Norsemen......Page 34
The Legacy of the Crusades......Page 36
The Unlikely Pioneer: Portugal......Page 37
Africa, Colonies, and the Slave Trade......Page 38
Portugal’s Asian Empire......Page 39
Early Lessons......Page 41
Spain, Columbus, and the Americas......Page 42
Spain and the Caribbean......Page 43
The Rise of Sedentary Cultures......Page 44
The Andes: Cycles of Complex Cultures......Page 46
Inca Civilization......Page 48
Mesoamerica: Cycles of Complex Cultures......Page 49
The Aztecs and Tenochtitlán......Page 53
North American Mound Builders......Page 54
Urban Cultures of the Southwest......Page 56
War as Cultural Misunderstanding......Page 57
Gender and Cultural Misunderstanding......Page 59
The Conquest of Mexico and Peru......Page 60
North American Conquistadores and Missionaries......Page 61
The Mission......Page 62
The Spanish Empire and Demographic Catastrophe......Page 63
Global Colossus, Global Economy......Page 65
Explanations: Patterns of Conquest, Submission, and Resistance......Page 66
Conclusion......Page 67
CHAPTER 2 THE CHALLENGE TO SPAIN AND THE SETTLEMENT OF NORTH AMERICA......Page 69
CHRONOLOGY......Page 71
Missions and Furs......Page 72
New France under Louis XIV......Page 73
The Dutch and Swedish Settlements......Page 74
Black Robe......Page 75
New Netherland as a Pluralistic Society......Page 76
Swedish and English Encroachments......Page 77
Gilbert, Ireland, and America......Page 78
The Swarming of the English......Page 79
The Jamestown Disaster......Page 81
Reorganization, Reform, and Crisis......Page 82
Tobacco, Servants, and Survival......Page 83
Maryland......Page 85
Chesapeake Family Life......Page 86
The West Indies and the Transition to Slavery......Page 87
The Pilgrims and Plymouth......Page 89
Covenant Theology......Page 90
Massachusetts Bay......Page 91
Puritan Family Life......Page 92
Conversion, Dissent, and Expansion......Page 93
Congregations, Towns, and Colony Governments......Page 94
Infant Baptism and New Dissent......Page 95
The First Restoration Colonies......Page 96
Carolina, Harrington, and the Aristocratic Ideal......Page 97
New York: An Experiment in Absolutism......Page 98
Quaker Beliefs......Page 100
West New Jersey......Page 101
Pennsylvania......Page 102
Conclusion......Page 104
CHAPTER 3 ENGLAND DISCOVERS ITS COLONIES: EMPIRE, LIBERTY, AND EXPANSION......Page 107
CHRONOLOGY......Page 109
Race, Ethnicity, and Economy......Page 110
Religion and Education......Page 111
The Beginnings of Empire......Page 112
Upheaval in America: The Critical 1640s......Page 113
The First Navigation Act......Page 114
Restoration Navigation Acts......Page 115
Indian Strategies of Survival......Page 117
Puritan Indian Missions......Page 118
Metacom’s (or King Philip’s) War......Page 119
Virginia’s Indian War......Page 121
Bacon’s Rebellion......Page 122
The Lords of Trade and Imperial Reform......Page 124
The Dominion of New England......Page 126
The English Response......Page 127
The Salem Witch Trials......Page 128
Three Sovereigns for Sarah......Page 129
The Mixed and Balanced Constitution......Page 130
Contrasting Empires: Spain and France in North America......Page 132
New France and the Middle Ground......Page 133
French Louisiana and Spanish Texas......Page 134
The Voluntaristic Ethic and Public Life......Page 136
Three Warring Empires, 1689–1716......Page 137
Conclusion......Page 139
CHAPTER 4 PROVINCIAL AMERICA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR A CONTINENT......Page 141
Threats to Householder Autonomy......Page 143
Emergence of the Old South......Page 144
The Backcountry......Page 148
New England: A Faltering Economy and Paper Money......Page 149
The World of Print......Page 150
He Could Make a Lass Weep......Page 151
The Enlightenment in America......Page 152
Lawyers and Doctors......Page 153
Georgia: The Failure of an Enlightenment Utopia......Page 154
Origins of the Revivals......Page 155
Disruptions......Page 156
New Colleges......Page 157
The Rise of the Assembly and the Governor......Page 158
“Country” Constitutions: The Southern Colonies......Page 159
The Renewal of Imperial Conflict......Page 160
Challenges to French Power......Page 161
The Danger of Slave Revolts and War with Spain......Page 162
France versus Britain: King George’s War......Page 164
The Impending Storm......Page 165
The Albany Congress and the Onset of War......Page 166
The War That Made America......Page 167
Britain’s Years of Defeat......Page 168
A World War......Page 170
Imperial Tensions: From Loudoun to Pitt......Page 171
The Years of British Victory......Page 172
The Cherokee War and Spanish Intervention......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 176
CHAPTER 5 REFORM, RESISTANCE, REVOLUTION......Page 179
CHRONOLOGY......Page 181
Indian Policy and Pontiac’s War......Page 182
The Currency Act and the Quartering Act......Page 184
The Stamp Act......Page 185
Nullification......Page 186
Repeal......Page 187
The Townshend Crisis......Page 189
Resistance: The Politics of Escalation......Page 190
An Experiment in Military Coercion......Page 191
The Wilkes Crisis......Page 192
The Boston Massacre......Page 193
Disaffection......Page 194
The Feudal Revival and Rural Discontent......Page 195
An American Heart of Oak......Page 196
The Regulator Movements in the Carolinas......Page 198
Slaves and Women......Page 199
The Tea Crisis......Page 200
Britain’s Response: The Coercive Acts......Page 201
The Radical Explosion......Page 202
Toward War......Page 204
The Improvised War......Page 205
The Second Continental Congress......Page 206
1776......Page 208
Independence......Page 209
The European Power of a Self-Taught American......Page 210
Conclusion......Page 211
CHAPTER 6 THE REVOLUTIONARY REPUBLIC......Page 213
CHRONOLOGY......Page 215
The Campaigns of 1777 and Foreign Intervention......Page 216
Mary Silliman’s War......Page 218
Saratoga......Page 219
French Intervention......Page 220
John Adams and the Separation of Powers......Page 221
The Pennsylvania Constitution......Page 222
Massachusetts Redefines Constitutionalism......Page 223
Confederation......Page 224
Loyalist Refugees, Black and White......Page 225
The Indian Struggle for Unity and Survival......Page 226
Attrition......Page 227
The British Offensive in the South......Page 230
Mutiny and Reform......Page 233
From the Ravaging of Virginia to Yorktown and Peace......Page 234
Religious Transformations......Page 236
The First Emancipation......Page 237
Western Expansion, Discontent, and Conflict with Indians......Page 239
The Northwest Ordinance......Page 240
Commerce, Debt, and Shays’s Rebellion......Page 241
An American Views the French Revolution......Page 243
Cosmopolitans versus Localists......Page 244
The Philadelphia Convention......Page 245
Ratification......Page 246
Conclusion......Page 247
CHAPTER 7 COMPLETING THE REVOLUTION, 1789–1815......Page 249
CHRONOLOGY......Page 251
The First Congress......Page 252
Hamiltonian Economics: The National Debt......Page 253
The Rise of Opposition......Page 254
Americans and the French Revolution......Page 255
Citizen Genêt......Page 256
Western Troubles: Indians......Page 257
Washington’s Farewell......Page 259
Troubles with France, 1796–1800......Page 260
The Crisis at Home, 1798–1800......Page 261
The Election of 1800......Page 262
The Republican Program......Page 263
Cleansing the Government......Page 264
The Impeachments of Pickering and Chase......Page 265
Justice Marshall’s Court......Page 266
Louisiana......Page 267
Lewis and Clark......Page 268
The Republic and the Napoleonic Wars, 1804–1815......Page 269
Embargo......Page 270
The War Hawk Congress, 1811–1812......Page 271
American Strategy in 1812......Page 272
The Rise of Tecumseh......Page 273
Tecumseh’s Last Stand......Page 274
The British Offensive, 1814......Page 276
The Hartford Convention......Page 277
The Buccaneer......Page 278
Conclusion......Page 279
CHAPTER 8 NORTHERN TRANSFORMATIONS, 1790–1850......Page 281
CHRONOLOGY......Page 283
Neighborhoods......Page 285
Inheritance......Page 286
The Seaport Cities......Page 287
Settlement......Page 289
The Alcoholic Republic......Page 290
Transportation in 1815......Page 291
Improvements......Page 292
Time and Money......Page 294
Northeastern Farms, 1815–1860......Page 296
Southern Settlers......Page 297
Northern Farmers......Page 298
Households......Page 299
Neighborhoods......Page 300
Factory Towns: The Rhode Island System......Page 301
Cities......Page 302
Metropolitan Industrialization......Page 303
A Midwife’s Tale......Page 304
Conclusion......Page 305
CHAPTER 9 THE OLD SOUTH, 1790–1850......Page 307
Race, Gender, and Chesapeake Labor......Page 309
The Lowcountry, 1790–1820......Page 310
The Rise of the Cotton Belt......Page 311
The Interstate Slave Trade......Page 312
Cotton and Slave Labor......Page 314
Mastery as a Way of Life......Page 316
Southern Families......Page 317
Yeomen and Planters......Page 318
Yeoman Neighborhoods......Page 319
Slave Families......Page 320
The Slave Trade and the Slave Family......Page 321
The Beginnings of African American Christianity in the Chesapeake......Page 322
Slave Theology......Page 323
Gabriel’s Rebellion......Page 324
Nat Turner......Page 325
A Balance Sheet: The Plantation and Southern Growth......Page 326
Beloved......Page 327
Conclusion......Page 329
CHAPTER 10 TOWARD AN AMERICAN CULTURE......Page 331
CHRONOLOGY......Page 333
The Evangelical Base......Page 334
Domesticity......Page 335
Sentimentality......Page 336
The Rise of the Democratic Sects......Page 338
Popular Millennialism......Page 340
Family and Society......Page 341
Blood Sports......Page 342
Boxing......Page 343
Minstrelsy......Page 344
Edwin Forrest in Edinburgh: The Hiss Heard Round The World......Page 345
Novels and the Penny Press......Page 346
The Beginnings of the Bible Belt......Page 348
Gender, Power, and the Evangelicals......Page 349
Religious Conservatism......Page 350
The Mission to the Slaves......Page 351
Race......Page 352
The Beginnings of Modern Racism......Page 353
Citizenship......Page 356
Conclusion......Page 357
CHAPTER 11 DEMOCRATS AND WHIGS......Page 359
CHRONOLOGY......Page 361
Commerce and the Law......Page 363
The Missouri Compromise......Page 364
The Panic of 1819......Page 365
The Election of 1824......Page 366
“A Corrupt Bargain”......Page 367
Jacksonian Melodrama......Page 368
The Birth of the Democratic Party......Page 369
The Election of 1828......Page 370
The Spoils System......Page 371
Jacksonian Democracy and the South......Page 372
Southerners and the Tariff......Page 373
Nullification......Page 374
The “Petticoat Wars”......Page 375
The Fall of Calhoun......Page 376
Petitions, the Gag Rule, and the Southern Mails......Page 377
Amistad......Page 378
The Bank War......Page 379
The Beginnings of the Whig Party......Page 380
A Balanced Budget......Page 381
“Martin Van Ruin”......Page 382
The Election of 1840......Page 383
Two Parties......Page 384
Conclusion......Page 385
CHAPTER 12 WHIGS, DEMOCRATS, AND THE SHAPING OF SOCIETY......Page 387
The North and West......Page 389
The South......Page 390
Government and Its Limits......Page 391
Banks......Page 392
Internal Improvements......Page 393
Public Schools......Page 394
Prisons......Page 395
Asylums......Page 396
The South and Social Reform......Page 397
The Origins of Prohibition......Page 398
The Democratization of Temperance......Page 399
Temperance Schisms......Page 400
Democratic Racism......Page 401
Abolitionists......Page 402
Agitation......Page 403
The Politics of Gender and Sex......Page 404
Moral Reform......Page 405
Not for Ourselves Alone......Page 406
Women’s Rights......Page 407
Conclusion......Page 408
CHAPTER 13 MANIFEST DESTINY: AN EMPIRE FOR LIBERTY—OR SLAVERY?......Page 411
Manifest Destiny and Slavery......Page 413
The Westering Impulse......Page 414
The Oregon and California Trails......Page 415
The Republic of Texas......Page 417
The Alamo......Page 418
The Annexation Controversy......Page 419
The Mexican War......Page 420
Military Campaigns of 1846......Page 421
Antiwar Sentiment......Page 422
The Wilmot Proviso......Page 423
The Free Soil Party......Page 425
The Gold Rush and California Statehood......Page 426
The Senate Debates......Page 427
Passage of the Compromise......Page 428
The Slave-Catchers......Page 429
William and Ellen Craft Aid the Causes of Freedom and Union in England......Page 430
Filibustering......Page 432
Demands for the Expansion of Slavery......Page 433
Conclusion......Page 434
CHAPTER 14 THE GATHERING TEMPEST, 1853–1860......Page 437
The Kansas-Nebraska Act......Page 439
Immigration and Nativism......Page 441
Immigrants in Politics......Page 442
The Rise of the Know-Nothings......Page 443
Bleeding Kansas......Page 444
The Caning of Sumner......Page 446
The Election of 1856......Page 447
The Dred Scott Case......Page 448
The Lecompton Constitution......Page 450
“The American System of Manufactures”......Page 451
The Southern Economy......Page 454
Labor Conditions in the North......Page 456
The Waltz—An Immoral Dance?......Page 458
The Panic of 1857......Page 459
The Free-Labor Ideology......Page 460
Southern Nonslaveholders......Page 461
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates......Page 462
Abe Lincoln in Illinois......Page 463
The Freeport Doctrine......Page 464
John Brown at Harpers Ferry......Page 465
Conclusion......Page 466
CHAPTER 15 SECESSION AND CIVIL WAR, 1860–1862......Page 469
CHRONOLOGY......Page 471
Southern Fears......Page 472
Northerners Affirm the Union......Page 475
Compromise Proposals......Page 476
Establishment of the Confederacy......Page 477
The Fort Sumter Issue......Page 478
Choosing Sides......Page 479
The Border States......Page 480
The Creation of West Virginia......Page 481
The Balance Sheet of War......Page 482
The Red Badge of Courage......Page 483
Strategy and Morale......Page 484
Weapons and Tactics......Page 485
Logistics......Page 486
Financing the War......Page 487
Navies, the Blockade, and Foreign Relations......Page 488
King Cotton Diplomacy......Page 489
The Monitor and the Virginia......Page 490
Campaigns and Battles, 1861–1862......Page 491
Naval Operations......Page 492
The Battle of Shiloh......Page 494
The Virginia Theater......Page 495
The Seven Days’ Battles......Page 497
Confederate Counteroffensives......Page 498
Conclusion......Page 500
CHAPTER 16 A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM, 1862–1865......Page 503
The “Contrabands”......Page 505
The Decision for Emancipation......Page 506
New Calls for Troops......Page 507
The Battle of Antietam......Page 508
The Emancipation Proclamation......Page 510
“We Cannot Escape History”: Abraham Lincoln......Page 512
Economic Problems in the South......Page 513
The Wartime Draft and Class Tensions......Page 514
Women and the War......Page 516
The Gettysburg Campaign......Page 518
Chickamauga and Chattanooga......Page 520
Black Men in Blue......Page 522
Black Soldiers in Combat......Page 523
Glory......Page 524
Out of the Wilderness......Page 525
Stalemate in Virginia......Page 527
Peace Overtures......Page 528
The Prisoner-Exchange Controversy......Page 530
The Shenandoah Valley......Page 531
Fort Fisher and Sherman’s March through the Carolinas......Page 532
The Road to Appomattox......Page 534
Conclusion......Page 536
CHAPTER 17 RECONSTRUCTION, 1863–1877......Page 539
Radical Republicans and Reconstruction......Page 541
Johnson’s Policy......Page 543
Southern Defiance......Page 544
The Freedmen’s Bureau......Page 545
Land for the Landless......Page 546
The Advent of Congressional Reconstruction......Page 547
Schism between President and Congress......Page 548
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867......Page 549
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson......Page 550
The 15th Amendment......Page 551
The Election of 1868......Page 552
Dan Sickles Tries to Provoke War with Spain......Page 553
Civil Service Reform......Page 554
Blacks in Office......Page 555
“Scalawags”......Page 556
The Election of 1872......Page 557
The Birth of a Nation......Page 558
The Retreat from Reconstruction......Page 559
The Mississippi Election of 1875......Page 560
The Supreme Court and Reconstruction......Page 561
The Election of 1876......Page 562
Disputed Results......Page 563
Conclusion......Page 564
APPENDIX......Page 567
GLOSSARY......Page 587
CREDITS......Page 605
INDEX......Page 609