Lexical-Functional Syntax

Content: Preface to the First Edition xi    Preface to the Second Edition xv     Acknowledgments xvii     I Motivation for the LFG Architecture 1     1 Nonconfigurationality 3     Further reading 10     2 Movement Paradoxes 11     2.1 Theoretical assumptions 15     Further reading and discussion 19     3 Lexicality and Argument Structure 21     3.1 Two approaches to passive relation changes 21     3.2 The lexicality of relation changes 23     3.2.1 English passive verb forms 24     3.2.2 Adjectives versus verbs 24     3.2.3 Participle-adjective conversion 25     3.2.4 Passive participles convert to adjectives 25     3.2.5 Differences between adjectival and verbal passives explained 27     3.2.6 Differences between adjectival and verbal passives unexplained 28     3.2.7 Conclusion: passivization is lexical 32     3.3 Passivization with and without movement 32     Further reading and discussion 36     II Formally Modeling the Architecture 39     4 A Formal Model of Syntactic Structure 41     4.1 Design principles 41     4.1.1 Principle I: variability 41     4.1.2 Principle II: universality 42     4.1.3 Principle III: monotonicity 43     4.2 The definition of f-structures 44     4.3 The description of f-structures 46     4.4 The correspondence between c- and f-structures 48     4.5 The solution algorithm 54     Problems 58     4.6 Defining versus constraining equations 59     4.7 Completeness and coherence 62     Problems 63     4.8 Functional uncertainty 63     4.9 Sets of f-structures 70     4.10 Conclusion 71     Further reading 72     5 Monotonicity and Some of Its Consequences 73     5.1 Monotonicity 73     5.2 Relation changes and monotonicity 76     5.3 Information and form 79     5.3.1 The fragmentability of language 79     5.3.2 The nonconfigurationality of language 82     5.3.3 Apparent information flow through external structure 83     5.3.4 Noncompositionality 84     5.4 Conclusion 85     III Inflectional Morphology and Phrase Structure Variation 87     6 A Theory of Structure-Function Mappings 89     6.1 Grammatical functions 94     6.1.1 Basics of grammatical functions 94     6.1.2 Classification of grammatical functions 100     6.2 The organization of c-structure categories 101     6.2.1 Endocentricity and X\' structures 101     6.2.2 Endocentric mapping to f-structure 104     Problems 111     6.3 Exocentric categories 112     6.3.1 Lexocentricity and S 112     6.3.2 S and endocentricity 115     6.3.3 Nonprojecting words 116     6.3.4 Summary of the structure-function principles 117     6.4 Toward a typology 118     6.5 Effects of economy of expression 119     Further reading and discussion 124     Appendix: X\' theory 125     7 Endocentricity and Heads 129     7.1 Head mobility 129     7.1.1 Verb order in Welsh 130     7.2 Endocentricity and extended heads 135     7.3 Distributed exponence 138     7.3.1 Wambaya c-structure 139     7.3.2 The Wambaya tense system 144     7.4 Conclusion 146     Problems 147     Exercise 147     8 Pronoun Incorporation and Agreement 151     8.1 Chichew a 157     8.1.1 Word order 161     8.1.2 Independent pronouns 162     8.1.3 Contrastive focus 164     8.1.4 Interrogatives and relatives 165     8.1.5 Other syntactic and phonological differences 166     8.1.6 Functional ambiguity of subject and topic 167     8.2 Navajo 171     Exercise 1 180     Exercise 2 180     8.3 Plains Cree and inverse agreement 182     Exercise 3 185     Problems 186     8.4 Two types of agreement: index and concord 186     Exercise 4 192     8.5 Conclusion 192     Further reading and discussion 193     9 Topicalization and Scrambling 196     9.1 English topicalization 196     9.2 Russian topicalization 199     9.3 Economy of expression 205     Problems 207     9.4 Topicalization versus scrambling 207     9.5 Detecting empty categories 210     Exercise 223     Further reading and discussion 223     The crossover effect 223     Two types of null pronominals 224     Generalization to operator complexes 225     Other factors 226     IV On Functional Structures: Binding, Predication, and Control 227     10 Basic Binding Theory 229     10.1 Basic concepts 229     10.2 A toy binding theory 231     10.3 Principle C 239     Further reading and discussion 246     10.4 Formalization of the binding constraints 247     11 Types of Bound Anaphors 254     11.1 Dimensions of anaphoric binding 254     11.2 Icelandic: subjective and anti-subjective pronouns 256     11.3 Norwegian: subjective/nuclear pronouns 259     11.4 Logophoricity versus subjectivity 261     Further reading and discussion 273     11.5 The typology of reflexives and the origins of nuclearity 275     Further reading and discussion 283     11.6 Formalization 284     12 Predication Relations 286     12.1 Predicate complements versus adjuncts 286     12.2 F-structures of xcomps 289     Exercise 1 295     Exercise 2 295     12.3 F-structure of PP complements 295     12.4 C-structure of predicate complements 301     12.5 Raising 304     Further reading and discussion 307     13 Anaphoric Control 309     13.1 Gerundive versus participial VPs in English 309     13.2 Structure of gerundive VPs 311     13.3 Anaphoric control versus functional control 319     13.4 Conclusion 323     Problems 323     Further reading and discussion 323     14 From Argument Structure to Functional Structure 324     14.1 What is argument structure? 326     14.2 The theory of a-structures 329     14.3 Mapping a-structures to syntactic functions 333     14.4 Examples and consequences 334     14.4.1 Unaccusatives 334     14.4.2 Resultatives 336     14.4.3 \"Fake\" reflexives and \"nonsubcategorized objects\" 336     14.4.4 Word order of internal/external arguments 337     14.4.5 Ditransitives 337     14.4.6 Interactions of passive and raising 340     14.4.7 Morphology that adds or suppresses a-structure roles 341     Problems 344     Further reading and discussion 344     Problem Sets and Solutions 349     Problem Set 1 351     Problem Set 2 354     Problem Set 3 370     Problem Set 4 375     Problem Set 5 391     Problem Set 6 417     Solutions to Selected Problems 436     References for the Problems 461     References 464     Language Index 501     Subject Index 503