Lesser Deities in the Ugaritic Texts and the Hebrew Bible: A Comparative Study of their Nature and Roles

Cover......Page 1
Table of Contents................................................................................... v Acknowledgments...............................................................................xiii......Page 8
Abbreviations ....................................................................................... xv......Page 18
General Abbreviations ....................................................................... xxv......Page 28
1. Purpose of the Study.........................................................................Page 32
2. Necessity for the Study of Lesser Deities in the Ugaritic Texts and the Hebrew Bible ................................................... 3......Page 34
3.2. How to Compare..................................................................... 4......Page 35
3.3. Limitations of Study ................................................................ 6......Page 37
3.4. Textual Corpus ........................................................................ 7......Page 38
1 Membership of Lesser Deities in the Ugaritic Texts and the Hebrew Bible ................................................................................9 Introduction.................................................................................... 9......Page 40
Part I: Membership of Lesser Deities in the Divine Assembly in the Ugaritic Texts ............................................................. 10......Page 41
1.1. ilm “Gods”.............................................................................. 11......Page 42
1.2. il ‰pn “Gods of Saphon”......................................................... 12......Page 43
1.4. dr il “Circle of El” ................................................................. 13......Page 44
1.6. p®r ilm and ` dt ilm “Assembly of gods” ................................ 14......Page 45
1.7. p®r b ` l “Group of Baal”.......................................................... 15......Page 46
1.8. p®r kkbm “Assembly of Stars”......................................... 16......Page 47
1.10. “Council”......................................................................... 18......Page 49
Untitled......Page 50
1.13. Miscellaneous Ugaritic Titles............................................... 20......Page 51
Summary ...................................................................................... 21......Page 52
2.1. Hierarchical Structure of the Divine Assembly in the Ugaritic Texts ....................................................................... 22......Page 53
Summary ...................................................................................... 33......Page 64
Part II: Membership of Lesser Deities in the Divine Assembly in the Hebrew Bible.............................................................. 38......Page 69
1.1.1. Genesis 3.5 .......................................................................... 39......Page 70
1.2. ~la Gods......Page 82
1.4. d[wm “Assembly” ..................................................................... 52......Page 83
1.6. hwla dws (hwhy dws) “Council of God (Yahweh)” ...................... 53......Page 84
Summary ...................................................................................... 54......Page 85
2.1 Hierarchical Structure......Page 86
2.2 Rank of Lesser Deities in the Divine Assembly in the hebrew Bible......Page 90
Summary......Page 107
2 Kinship of Lesser Deities in the Ugaritic Texts and the Hebrew Bible ............................................................... 79 Introduction.................................................................................. 79......Page 110
Part I. Kinship Relation of Lesser Deities to Their Master God in the Ugaritic Texts ............................................................. 80......Page 111
1.1. ab šnm “Father of Bright Ones” ............................................ 81......Page 112
1.2. bn il(m) “Sons of El”............................................................... 83......Page 114
1.3. bnt il “Daughters of El”.......................................................... 88......Page 119
1.4. bn art “Sons of Athirat”........................................................ 93......Page 124
1.5. bn qdš “Sons of the Holy One” ........................................... 101 Summary..................................................................................... 104......Page 132
2. The Outward Appearance of Lesser Deities in the Ugaritic Texts.................................................................................... 104 2.1. KTU 1.2 i 11– 3..................................................................... 106......Page 135
2.2. KTU 1.12 i 28– 32 ................................................................. 110 Summary..................................................................................... 111......Page 141
 1.1. ~yhla(h) ynb or ~la ynb “Sons of God” .................................... 112......Page 143
1.2. !wyl[ ynb “Sons of Elyon” ....................................................... 123......Page 154
1.3. ~yvdq “Holy Ones” ............................................................... 129 Summary..................................................................................... 133......Page 160
 2.1. Judges 13.6............................................................................ 133......Page 164
2.2. Ecclesiastes 10.20b................................................................ 135 Summary..................................................................................... 135......Page 166
Conclusion to Chapter II............................................................ 136......Page 167
Part I. Messenger Deities in the Ugaritic Texts .......................... 137......Page 168
1.1 Hieararchical Titles......Page 169
1.2. Cultic......Page 178
1.3. Political Titles ...................................................................... 152......Page 183
2.1. Dual Names of Deities......................................................... 155......Page 186
2.2. The Duality of Gupan and Ugar ......................................... 157......Page 188
Summary .................................................................................... 162......Page 193
3. The Procedure of Divine Messenger Dispatch in the Ugaritic Texts.................................................................................... 163 3.1. The Sending of Messengers.................................................. 163......Page 194
3.2. The Travelling of Messengers .............................................. 164......Page 195
3.3. The Arrival of Messengers................................................... 167......Page 198
3.4. The Delivering of the Message ............................................ 168......Page 199
3.5. The Return of Messengers ................................................... 172......Page 203
4.1. Yam’s Messengers ................................................................ 174......Page 205
4.2. Athirat’s Messenger ............................................................. 179......Page 210
Conclusion to Chapter III, Part I ............................................... 180......Page 211
1.1. Hierarchical Title: mlak ....................................................... 181......Page 212
2.1. Gabriel ................................................................................. 183......Page 214
2.2. vydqw ry[ (!yry[) “Watcher-and-Holy One” ............................. 185......Page 216
3.1 The Sending of Messengers......Page 217
3.2 The Travelling of Messengers......Page 218
3.3 The Arrival of Messengers......Page 219
3.4 The Delivering of the Message......Page 220
4.1  Exodus 3.2......Page 222
4.2. Exodus 14.19 ........................................................................ 193......Page 224
4.3. Judges 6.11– 24 ...................................................................... 196......Page 227
4.5. Psalm 104.4........................................................................... 197......Page 228
Conclusion to Chapter III .......................................................... 199......Page 230
Part I. Warrior Deities in the Ugaritic Texts ............................. 201......Page 232
1.1. ib “Enemies”......................................................................... 202......Page 233
1.2. il t ` ˇr “Helper-gods” ............................................................. 203......Page 234
1.3. ` nn “Clouds” ........................................................................ 205......Page 236
1.4. ©lm “Lads” ............................................................................ 206......Page 237
1.5. ®nzr “Boar”........................................................................... 207......Page 238
1.6. mhr “Warriors”..................................................................... 214......Page 245
1.7. m®‰ “Beaters”........................................................................ 217......Page 248
1.8. Rapi´uma .............................................................................. 218 Summary..................................................................................... 221......Page 249
2. Named Warrior Deities in the Ugaritic Texts........................ 221......Page 252
2.1. Qadesh-and-Amurr as a Single Deity................................... 222......Page 253
2.2. The “Warrior” Role of Qadesh-and-Amurr......................... 223......Page 254
2.3. Yatipan ................................................................................. 226 Summary..................................................................................... 229......Page 257
Part II. Warrior Deities in the Hebrew Bible............................. 229......Page 260
1.1 Bulls......Page 261
1.3 Stars......Page 262
1.5 Messenger (of Yahweh)......Page 264
1.6 Agents of Death......Page 265
1.7 Destroyer(s)......Page 266
1.8 Host......Page 267
1.10. !anv “Archers”..................................................................... 237......Page 268
1.11. rf “Prince” ......................................................................... 240......Page 271
Summary .................................................................................... 241......Page 272
Conclusion to Chapter IV.......................................................... 243......Page 274
Part I. Other Lesser Deities in the Ugaritic Texts...................... 245......Page 276
1. Mediator Deities in the Ugaritic Texts................................... 246......Page 277
2.1. Guardian Deities in the Epistle Formula............................. 249......Page 280
2.2. Guardian Deities in Mythic Texts ....................................... 253......Page 284
3. Chanter Deities in the Ugaritic Texts .................................... 255......Page 286
4.1. amt “Maidservant” ............................................................... 257......Page 288
4.4. Radaman .............................................................................. 259......Page 290
Conclusion to Chapter V, Part I ................................................ 260......Page 291
1.1 Job 16.19-21......Page 292
1.2 Job 33.23-4......Page 294
2.1 Genesis 32.2-3......Page 296
2.2 Psalm 91.11-2......Page 297
2.3 Exodus  23.20-23......Page 298
2.3.2 Messenger as the Divine Agent of Yahweh......Page 299
2.3.3 Messenger as the Divine Forgiver......Page 302
2.4. Cherubim ............................................................................. 272......Page 303
2.4.1 Cherubim as Guardian Deities......Page 306
2.4.2. Cherubim as Servant Deities............................................. 280......Page 311
Summary..................................................................................... 281......Page 312
3.1. Job 38.7 ................................................................................ 282......Page 313
3.2. Psalm 103.19– 21 ................................................................... 284......Page 315
3.3. Psalm 148.1– 3....................................................................... 286......Page 317
3.4. Seraphim .............................................................................. 287 Summary..................................................................................... 289......Page 318
4. Servant Deities in the Hebrew Bible ...................................... 289 Summary..................................................................................... 290......Page 320
Conclusion to Chapter V ........................................................... 290......Page 321
6 Conclusion.................................................................................. 293......Page 324
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 295......Page 326
General Index ..................................................................................... 345......Page 376
Index of Biblical References ............................................................... 347......Page 378
Index of Ugaritic References .............................................................. 351......Page 382