Legionella : state of the art 30 years after its recognition

 Content: Table of Contents   I. Clinical and Diagnostic Aspects of Legionnaires' Disease  1. Clinical Features of Legionnaires' Disease: a Selective Review, Paul H. Edelstein  2. Treatment of Legionnaires' Disease, Jorge Roig and Jordi Rello  3. Diagnostics and Clinical Disease Treatment: Usefulness of Microbiological Diagnostic Methods for Detection of Legionella Infections, Paul Christian Luck, Jurgen Herbert Helbig, Heike von Baum, and Reinhard Marre  4. Hospital and Community-Acquired Legionella Pneumonia: Two Faces of the Same Disease? M. L. Pedro-Botet, L. Mateu, N. Sopena, S. Roure, I. Casas, M. Garcia-Nunez, C. Rey-Joly, and M. Sabria  5. Risk Factors for Mortality by Legionnaires' Disease (1983-2005), N. Sopena, M. L. Pedro-Botet, L. Mateu, S. Roure, I. Casas, M. Esteve, S. Ragull, C. Rey-Joly, and M. Sabria  6. Trends Observed in Legionnaires' Disease in a Hospital in Catalonia, Spain, 1983 - 2005, I. Casas, M. L. Pedro-Botet, N. Sopena, M. Esteve, L. Mateu, S. Roure, M. Garcia-Nunez, C. Rey-Joly, and M. Sabria  7. Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Human Immunodefiency Virus Infected Patients: Comparative Study of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1, M. L. Pedro-Botet, N. Sopena, A. Garcia-Cruz, L. Mateu, S. Roure, M. J. Dominguez, I. Sanchez, C. Rey-Joly, and M. Sabria  8. Nosocomial Legionella Infection in the County of Copenhagen, 2000 - 2004, Jette M. Bangsborg, Jens Otto Jarlov, and Soren A. Uldum  9. A Question of Time: a Short Review of Data on the Incubation Period between Exposure and Symptom Onset for Legionnaires' Disease, Thomas W. Armstrong  10. Severe Legionnaires' Disease Successfully Treated with Levofloxacin and Azithromycin, M. L. Pedro-Botet, N. Sopena, C. Tural, A. Garcia-Cruz, L. Mateu, S. Ragull, M. Garcia-Nunez, S. Roure, C. Rey-Joly, and M. Sabria  11. In Vitro Activities of Various Antibiotics against Legionella pneumophila, A. Seher Birteksoz, Z. Zeybek, and Aysin Cotuk  12. Detection of Legionella pneumophila DNA in Serum Samples from Patients with Legionnaires' Disease, Bram M. W. Diederen, Caroline M. A. de Jong, Faical Marmouk, Jan A. J. W. Kluytmans, Marcel F. Peeters, and Anneke van der Zee  13. Specific Detection of Legionella in Samples from Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia by PCR and a Colorimetric Detection System (Reverse Dot Blot), Jorn Kircher, Alexander Kirchhoff, and Arndt Rolfs  14. Transcription-Mediated Amplification Assay for Detection of Legionella pneumophila in Samples from Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia, Marie K. Hudspeth, Kathleen Clark-Dickey, Elizabeth M. Marlowe, Laura G. Schindler, Karen Campbell, and James T. Summersgill  15. Detection of Legionella spp. and Legionella pneumophila-Specific DNA in Respiratory Secretions by PCR-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Diane S. J. Lindsay, William H. Abraham, Alistair W. Brown, and Giles F. S. Edwards  16. Serological versus Sequence-Based Methods for Legionella Identification, Beatriz Baladron, Virginia Gil, and Carmen Pelaz  17. Serologic Study of an Outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease: Variation of Sensitivity Associated with the Subgroup of Legionella pneumophila sg1 Antigen Used and Evidence of Concurrent Reactivity to Other Atypical Pneumonia Agents, Sverker Bernander, Berndt E. B. Claesson, Eva Hjelm, Nils Svensson, and Martin Hjorth  18. Serotyping of Legionella pneumophila in Epidemiological Investigations: Limitations and Ways Out for Being a Helpful Tool in the Era of Genotyping, Jurgen H. Helbig and Paul Christian Luck  19. Duopath Legionella: a New Immunochromatographic Test for Simultaneous Identification of Legionella pneumophila and Legionella Species, Jurgen H. Helbig, Paul Christian Luck, Britta Kunz, and Andreas Bubert  20. Antigenic Diversity among Legionella Species of a 19-Kilodalton Peptidoglycan-Associated Lipoprotein Determined by Reactivity Patterns to Monoclonal Antibodies, Jin Hee Moon, Jin Ah Yang, Hee Sun Sim, Dae Won Park, Jang Wook Sohn, Hae Kyung Lee, Mi Yeon Park, and Min Ja Kim  21. Evaluation of a New Rapid Immunochromatographic Test using Peptidoglycan-Associated Lipoprotein for Detection of Legionella Antigen in Urine Samples from Adults with Pneumonia, Jang Wook Sohn, Hee Sun Sim, Hye Won Jeong, Dae Won Park, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Ju Kim, Sun Ae Kim, Young Sik Cho, and Min Ja Kim  22. Rapid Identification of Legionella pneumophila, Legionella anisa, and Legionella taurinensis with Latex Agglutination Reagents, Monique Reyrolle, C. Ratat, J. Freney, M. Leportier, S. Jarraud, and J. Etienne  23. Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, and Treatment of Legionnaires' Disease, David R. Murdoch, Thomas J. Marrie, and Paul H. Edelstein   II. Epidemiology and Strain Typing Methods   24. Legionnaires' Disease in Europe 1995 - 2004: a Ten-Year Review, Carol Joseph and Kate D. Ricketts  25. Typing of Legionella pneumophila and Its Role in Elucidating the Epidemiology of Legionnaires' Disease, Timothy G. Harrison, Norman K. Fry, Baharak Afshar, William Bellamy, Nita Doshi, and Anthony Underwood  26. Effect of Legionella Testing Patterns on the Apparent Epidemiology of Legionnaires' Disease in Australia, Graham Tallis, Agnes Tan, and Norbert Ryan  27. 25 Years of Surveillance for Legionnaires' Disease in England and Wales: Why No Improvement? K. D. Ricketts, C. A. Joseph, T. G. Harrison, J. V. Lee, and F. C. Naik  28. Epidemiological Surveillance of Seropositive Legionellosis Cases in Korea During 1999 - 2002, Hae Kyung Lee, Soo Jin Baek, Yong In Ju, Jae June Bae, Man Suck Park, and Mi-Yeoun Park  29. Prevalence of Legionnaires' Disease and Investigation of Risk Factors: Results of an Italian Multicentric Study, Paola Borella, Stefania Boccia, Erica Leoni, Franca Zanetti, Isabella Marchesi, Annalisa Bargellini, Maria Teresa Montagna, Daniela Tato, Sara Montegrosso, Francesca Pennino, Vincenzo Romano-Spica, Giovanna Stancanelli, and Stefania Scaltriti  30. Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Legionella pneumophila in Northern Italy, R. Cosentina, S. Malandrin, P. Valentini, E. Sfreddo, L. Pirrotta, O. Mercuri, and O. Di Marino  31. A Seroepidemiological Study of Legionella pneumophila Antibodies in Spanish Patients: A 13-Year Retrospective Study, Sebastian Crespi, Albert Torrents, and Miguel A. Castellanos  32. Risk Differences of Legionnaires' Disease Associated with Travel in Spain, 1999 to 2004, Ricardo Casas, Rosa Cano, Carmen Martin, and Salvador Mateo  33. Persistence and Genotypic Stability of Legionella in a Potable Water System in a Hotel over a 20-Month Period, M. Garcia-Nunez, J. Ferrer, S. Ragull, E. Junyent, E. Sagrista, A. Soler, I. Sanchez, M. L. Pedro-Botet, N. Sopena, and M. Sabria  34. 10 Years of Legionella Surveillance: Change of Legionella Subtype Preceded Epidemic of Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease, Klaus Weist, Christian Brandt, Christian Luck, Jutta Wagner, Tim Eckmanns, and Henning Ruden  35. Representative Survey of the Scope of Legionnaires' Disease and of Diagnostic Methods and Transmission Control Practices in Germany, Tim Eckmanns, Mona Poorbiazar, Henning Ruden, and Luder Fritz  36. Distribution of Legionella pneumophila Genotypes in Patients and Environmental Sources, Ed P. F. Yzerman, Jacob P. Bruin, Jeroen W. den Boer, Linda P. Verhoef, and Kim W. van der Zwaluw  37. Molecular Comparison of Isolates from a Recurring Outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease Spanning 22 Years, Robert F. Benson, Claressa E. Lucas, Ellen W. Brown, Karen D. Cowgill, and Barry S. Fields  38. Sequence-Based Typing of Legionella pneumophila as an Aid in Investigation of Hospital-Acquired Legionnaires' Disease, Faiz Fendukly and Sverker Bernander  39. Legionnaires' Disease Associated with Death after Near Drowning in Lake Water, Jaana Kusnetsov, Satu Pastila, Silja Mentula, and Diane Lindsay  40. Is Use of Potting Mix Associated with Legionella longbeachae Infection? Results from a Case Control Study in South Australia, Bridget O'Connor, Judy Carman, Kerena Eckert, and Graeme Tucker  41. Epidemiological Typing of Legionella pneumophila in the Absence of Isolates, Norman K. Fry, Baharak Afshar, Timothy G. Harrison, and Gunther Wewalka  42. Online Identification of Legionella Species by DNA Sequence Analysis: the Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator Gene as an Example, Norman K. Fry, Baharak Afshar, William Bellamy, Anthony Underwood, Timothy Harrison, and Rodney M. Ratcliff  43. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Analysis and Sequence-Based Typing of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Isolates from Japan, Junko Amemura-Maekawa, Fumiaki Kura, Bin Chang, and Haruo Watanabe  44. Development of an Online Tool for European Working Group for Legionella Infections Sequence-Based Typing Including Automatic Quality Assessment and Data Submission, Anthony P. Underwood, William Bellamy, Baharak Afshar, Norman K. Fry, and Timothy G. Harrison   III. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Genetics   45. Identification of Translocated Substrates of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm System without the use of Eukaryotic Host Cells, Ralph R. Isberg and Matthias Machner  46. Function of Legionella Effectors, Howard A. Shuman, Christopher Pericone, Nadim Shohdy, Karim Suwwan de Felipe, and Margaret Clarke  47. The Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion System, Carr D. Vincent, Kwang Cheol Jeong, Jessica Sexton, Emily Buford, and Joseph P. Vogel  48. Subcellular Localization of the Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion Proteins, Kwang Cheol Jeong, Carr D. Vincent, Emily Buford, and Joseph P. Vogel  49. Defining the Translocation Pathway of the Legionella pneumophila Type IV Secretion System, Carr D. Vincent, Jonathan R. Friedman, and Joseph P. Vogel  50. Loss of a Patatin-Like Phospholipase A Causes Reduced Infectivity of Legionella pneumophila in Amoeba and Macrophage Infection Models, Philipp Aurass, Sangeeta Banerji, and Antje Flieger  51. Identification of a Cytotoxic Legionella pneumophila lpxb Paralogue in a Multicopy Suppressor Screen using Acanthamoeba castellanii as a Selective Host, Urs Albers, Katrin Reus, and Hubert Hilbi  52. Type II Protein Secretion and Twin-Arginine Translocation Promote the Pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila, Ombeline Rossier and Nicholas P. Cianciotto  53. The Type II Protein Secretion System of Legionella pneumophila Is Important for Growth in Iron-Rich Media and Survival in Tap Water at Low Temperatures, Maria A. Soderberg and Nicholas P. Cianciotto  54. Identification of Putative Substrates of the Legionella pneumophila Tat Secretion Pathway via Two-Dimensional Protein Gel Electrophoresis, E. De Buck, L. Maes, J. Robben, J.-P. Noben, J. Anne, and Elke Lammertyn  55. Identification of Target Proteins of the Lss Secretion System of Legionella pneumophila Corby, Klaus Heuner, Christiane Albert, Sebastian Jacobi, Emmy De Buck, and Elke Lammertyn  56. Legionella pneumophila Mip: New Function for an Old Protein? Sruti DebRoy and Nicholas P. Cianciotto  57. Phospholipases A of Legionella pneumophila: Virulence Factors by Diversity? Antje Flieger   58. Identification and Characterization of Legionella pneumophila Phospholipases A , Sangeeta Banerji, Margret Mueller, Stefan Stevanovic, and Antje Flieger  59. Characterization of GDSL-Hydrolases of the Lung Pathogen Legionella pneumophila, Sangeeta Banerji, Elena Rastew, Bjorn Hermes, and Antje Flieger  60. Genetic and Structural Examination of the Legiobactin Siderophore, Kimberly A. Allard, Domenic Castignetti, David Crumrine, Prakash Sanjeevaiah, and Nicholas P. Cianciotto  61. Eukaryotic-Like Proteins of Legionella pneumophila as Potential Virulence Factors, Fiona M. Sansom, Hayley J. Newton, and Elizabeth L. Hartland  62. Role of Legionella pneumophila-Specific Genes in Pathogenesis, Hayley J. Newton, Fiona M. Sansom, Elizabeth L. Hartland, and Vicki Bennett-Wood  63. The Hsp60 Chaperonin of Legionella pneumophila: an Intriguing Player in Infection of Host Cells, Audrey Chong, Angela Riveroll, David S. Allan, Elizabeth Garduno, and Raphael A. Garduno  64. Lipopolysaccharide Architecture of Legionella pneumophila Growth in Broth and Host Cells, Jurgen H. Helbig, Esteban Fernandez-Moreira, Enno Jacobs, Paul Christian Luck, and Martin Witt  65. Lag-1 Acetylation of Lipopolysaccharide, Natalie N. Whitfield and Michele S. Swanson  66. Immunochemical Analysis of Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane Vesicles, Jurgen H. Helbig, Esteban Fernandez-Moreira, P. Christian Luck, Enno Jacobs, and Michele S. Swanson   67. Contribution of Legionella's Surface to the Pregnant Pause Virulence Strategy,Esteban Fernandez-Moreira, Jurgen H. Helbig, and Michele S. Swanson  68. New Insights into Pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila Infection: from Bedside Findings to Animal Models, Kazuhiro Tateda, Soichiro Kimura, Estu T. Fuse, and Keizo Yamaguchi  69. Induction of Apoptosis during Intracellular Replication of Legionella pneumophila in the Lungs of Mice, M. Santic, M. Molmeret, S. Jones, R. Asare, A. Abu-Zant, M. Doric, and Y. Abu Kwaik  70. The Role of the Phagosomal Transporter (Pht) Family of Proteins in Legionella pneumophila Pathogenesis, John-Demian Sauer and Michele S. Swanson  71. A Role for Phosphoinositide Metabolism in Phagocytosis and Intracellular Replication of Legionella pneumophila, Stefan S. Weber, Curdin Ragaz, Katrin Reus, and Hubert Hilbi  72. Interaction with the Ciliate Tetrahymena sp. May Predispose Legionella pneumophila to Infect Human Cells, Elizabeth Garduno, Gary Faulkner, Marco A. Ortiz-Jimenez, Sharon G. Berk, and Rafael A. Garduno  73. Genetics of Mouse Macrophage Resistance to Legionella pneumophila, Russell E. Vance, Tao Ren, Dario S. Zamboni, Craig R. Roy, William F. Dietrich  74. Role of Birc 1/Naip 5 in Macrophage Function and Susceptibility to Infection with Legionella pneumophila, Anne Fortier and Philippe Gros  75. Locus on Chromosome 13 in Mice Involved in Clearance of Legionella pneumophila from the Lungs, Seiji Kobayashi, Fumiaki Kura, Junko Amemura-Maekawa, Bin Chang, Naoki Yamamoto, and Haruo Watanabe  76. Inflammatory Immune Response to Cytosolic Flagellin Protects Mice from Legionella pneumophila Infection, Michele S. Swanson, Brenda G. Byrne, Natalie W. Whitfield, Etsu T. Fuse, Kazuhiro Tateda, and Ari B. Molofsky  77. A Peptidoglycan-Associated Lipoprotein of Legionella pneumophila Activates Toll-Like Receptor 2 in Murine Macrophages, Mi Jeong Kim, In Kyeong Lee, Jin Ah Yang, Hee Sun Sim, Jang Wook Sohn, and Min Ja Kim  78. Legionella Infection of Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells Induces Modulation by Catechins, James Rogers, Izabella Perkins, Alberto van Olphen, Nicholas Burdash, Thomas W. Klein, and Herman Friedman  79. Gene Expression and Virulence in Legionella: the Flagellar Regulon, Klaus Heuner, Sebastian Jacobi, Christiane Albert, Michael Steinert, Holger Bruggemann, and Carmen Buchrieser  80. Identification of Legionella pneumophila Genes under Transcriptional Control of LpnR Regulatory Proteins, E. Lammertyn, L. Maes, E. De Buck, I. Lebeau, and J. Anne   81. Modulation of rpoH Expression Using an Antisense Strategy, Fanny Ewann and Paul S. Hoffman  82. Novel Use of Heliobacter pylori Nitroreductase (rdxA4) as a Counterselectable Marker in Allelic Vector Exchange to Create Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia-1 Mutants, Paul S. Hoffman, Ann Karen C. Brassinga, Matthew A. Croxen, Charles J. Shoemaker, Michael G. Morash, and Jason J. LeBlanc  83. Analysis of Gene Expression in Legionella during Axenic Growth and Infection, Sergey Pampou, Irina Morozova, David Hilbert, Karim Suwwan de Felipe, Pavel Morozov, James J. Russo, Howard A. Shuman, and Sergey Kalachikov  84. Bringing the Genome of Legionella pneumophila to Life: the Transcriptional Program during Infection of Acanthamoeba castellanii, H. Bruggemann, A. Hagman, O. Sismeiro, M.-A. Dillies, K. Heuner, M. Steinert, C. Gouyette, J.-Y. Coppee, and C. Buchrieser  85. Genome Rearrangements and Horizontal Gene Transfer in Legionella pneumophila, Irina Morozova, Pavel Morozov, Sergey Pampou, Karim Suwwan de Felipe, Sergey Kalachikov, Howard A. Shuman, and James J. Russo  86. Genetic Diversity of Legionella pneumophila, C. Cazalet, S. Jarraud, Y. Ghavi-Helm, J. Allignet, F. Kunst, J. Etienne, P. Glaser, and C. Buchrieser  87. The Problem of Complexity, Rodney M. Ratcliff  88. Sequence-Based Discovery of Ecological Diversity within Legionella, Frederick M. Cohan, Alexander Koeppel, and Daniel Krizanc  89. Genome Sequencing and Genomics, Carmen Buchrieser, Paul Hoffman, James J. Russo, and Joseph P. Vogel   IV. Environmental Biology, Detection, Prevention, and Control  90. Characterization of Sessile and Planktonic Legionella pneumophila in Model Biofilms, Barry S. Fields and Claressa Lucas  91. The Amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum Contributes to Legionella Infection, Michael Steinert, Carina Wagner, Marcela Fajardo, Olga Shevchuk, Can Unal, Frank Galka, Klaus Heuner, Ludwig Eichinger, and Salvatore Bozzaro  92. Acanthamoeba castellanii Strongly Increases the Number of Legionella pneumophila in Model Tap Water Biofilms, Priscilla Declerck, J. Behets, E. Lammertyn, and Frans Ollevier  93. Biofilm Formation of Legionella pneumophila in Complex Medium under Static and Dynamic Flow Conditions, Jorg Mampel, Thomas Spirig, Stefan S. Weber, Janus A. J. Haagensen, Soren Molin, and Hubert Hilbi  94. Evaluation of Signaling between Legionella pneumophila and Multiple Prokaryotes, Stephanie D. Zeigler-Ballerstein and James M. Barbaree  95. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Lichen Extracts against Legionella pneumophila, Zuhal Zeybek, Nihal Dooruoz, Aypin Cotuk, Ali Karagoz, and Ali Aslan  96. Isolation and Characterization of a Staphylococcus warneri Strain Producing an Anti-Legionella Peptide, Yann Hechard, Sebastien Ferraz, Emilie Bruneteau, Michael Steinert, and Jean-Marc Berjeaud   97. Occurrence and Diversity of Legionella pneumophila in Water Samples from the Brazilian Environment, Fabio R. S. Carvalho, Annette S. Foronda, and Vivian H. Pellizari  98. Diversity of Legionella spp. in Antarctic Lakes of Keller Peninsula, Fabio R. S. Carvalho, Fernando R. Nastasi, Rosa C. Gamba, Annette S. Foronda, and Vivian H. Pellizari  99. Effects of Sea Water Concentration and Temperature on the Survival of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1, Susan Bennett and Richard Bentham  100. Isolation of Legionella and Amoebae from Water Samples, Laura Franzin, Daniela Cabodi, and Nicoletta Bonfrate  101. Detection and Identification of Free-Living Protozoa in Drinking Water, Rinske Valster, Bart Wullings, Stefan Voost, Dick van der Kooij, Hauke Smidt, and Geo Bakker  102. Growth of Legionella in Nonsterilized, Naturally Contaminated Bathing Water in a System that Circulates the Water, Katsuhiko Ohata, Kanji Sugiyama, Mitsuaki Suzuki, Rieko Shimogawara, Shinji Izumiyama, Kenji Yagita, and Takuro Endo  103. Fluctuation in Legionella pneumophila Counts in Cooling Towers over a One-Year Period, S. Ragull, R. Montenegro, M. Garcia-Nunez, I. Sanchez, A. Soler, N. Sopena, M. L. Pedro-Botet, M. Esteve, and M. Sabria  104. Genotypic Variability and Persistence of Legionella pneumophila DNA Subtypes in 23 Cooling Towers from Two Different Areas, I. Sanchez, S. Ragull, M. Garcia-Nunez, N. Sopena, M. L. Pedro-Botet, R. Montenegro, and M. Sabria  105. Suitability of Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes for Detection of Legionella in Mains Drinking Water Supplies, Sandra A. Wilks and C. William Keevil  106. Legionella Detection from Water Samples by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR, Laura Franzin, Daniela Cabodi, and Nicoletta Bonfrate  107. Evaluation of the Dynal Biotech Legionella Immunomagnetic Separation Method versus Conventional Culture for the Isolation of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from Water Samples, Sue M. Mietzner, Janet E. Stout, Jaclynn L. Shannon, Victor L. Yu, and David R. Wareing  108. A Novel and Rapid Legionella Detection System for Water Analysis, Steven Giglio, Paul T. Monis, and Christopher P. Saint  109. Use of Real-Time PCR for Detection and Quantification of Legionella Bacteria in Water on the Scale of a Watershed: the Vidourle Valley, Laurent Garrelly, Celine Minervini, L. Rolland, Severin Pistre, and Jean-Christian Personne  110. Field Evaluation of the Binax Equate Test Kit for Enumeration of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 in Cooling Water Samples, Anita Benovic and Richard Bentham  111. Method Development for Legionella Detection in Metalworking Fluids, Katalin Rossmoore, Leonard Rossmoore, and Christine Cuthbert  112. Risk Assessment for Legionella in Building Water Systems: Managing the Myths, Richard Bentham  113. Controlling Legionella in Hospital Water Systems: Facts versus Folklore, Janet E. Stout  114. Strategies for Infection Control of Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease: Four-Year Surveillance Experience in a Teaching Hospital in Italy, S. Boccia, P. Borella, V. Romano Spica, P. Laurenti, A. Cambieri, G. Branca, M. Tumbarello, R. Cauda, G. Fadda, and G. Ricciardi   115. Legionella Contamination of Domestic Hot Water in a Tertiary Level Hospital and Resulting Introduction of Control Measures, Mona Schousboe, Alan Bavis, and Ros Podmore  116. Review of Nosocomial Legionella Outbreaks, Tim Eckmanns, Christiane Reichhardt, Maria Martin, Frauke Nietschke-Tiemann, and Henning Ruden  117. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Model for Legionella: Summary of Methods and Results, Thomas W. Armstrong and Charles N. Haas  118. Risk of Legionella in the Spa Industry: Inadequacy of Current Legislation Covering Thermal Waters Used for Medicinal Purposes, Vladimir Drasar, Radomir Polcar, and P. Christian Luck  119. Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater: a Possible Source of Legionella Infection, Gorel Allestam, Birgitta de Jong, and Jonas Langmark  120. Inhibition of Legionella Growth in Circulating Bathing Water by Filter Refreshment Method Using a High Concentration of Chlorine, Kanji Sugiyama, Katsuhiko Ohata, Mitsuaki Suzuki, Rieko Shimogawara, Shinji Izumiyama, Kenji Yagita, and Takuro Endo  121. Disinfection of Hospital Water Systems and the Prevention of Legionellosis: What is the Evidence? Christiane Reichhardt, Maria Martin, Henning Ruden, and Tim Eckmanns  122. Six Months Experience of Silver-Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment for Legionella Control in Two Nursing Home Water Systems, M. L. Ricci, Italo Dell'Eva, Maria Scaturro, Piergiorgio Baruchelli, Germana De Ponte, Maria Losardo, Massimo Ottaviani, and Franco Guizzardi  123. Temperature Regimens versus Ionization TMVs, John Hayes  124. Design and Realization of Zero-Aerosol Cooling Towers, Denis Clodic, Assaad Zoughaib, Chantal Maatouk, Benoit Senejean, and Michele Merchat  125. Legionella Population Control in Cooling Water Systems, Michele Merchat, Gilles Chaperon, and Taher Mamodaly  126. Control of Legionella Proliferation Risk in Cooling Water Systems, Michele Merchat and Anabel Deumier  127. Control of Legionella in Large Buildings through Community-Wide Introduction of Monochloramine, Matthew R. Moore, Brendan Flannery, Lisa B. Gelling, Michael Conroy, Duc Vugia, James Salerno, June Weintraub, Valerie Stevens, Barry Fields, Richard Besser  128. Efficacy of Monochloramine against Surface-Associated Legionella pneumophila in a Cooling Tower Model System, Irfan Turetgen and Aysin Cotuk  129. Monochloramine Treatment Induces Viable but Nonculturable (VBNC) State into Biofilm and Planktonic Legionella pneumophila Populations, Laetitia Alleron, Jacques Frere, Nicole Merlet, Bernard Legube  130. Preventing Legionellosis with Hazard Analysis and Control Systems, William F. McCoy  131. Environmental Sampling Data to Determine Risk - a United Kingdom Perspective, Susanne Surman-Lee and Richard Bentham