Lecture Notes on Thermodynamics

Preface......Page 7
Preliminary semantics......Page 9
Historical milestones......Page 12
Philosophy of science note......Page 14
Some practical applications......Page 15
Example to illustrate homework solution style......Page 21
Thermodynamic system and control volume......Page 27
Macroscopic versus microscopic......Page 28
Properties and state of a substance......Page 31
Processes and cycles......Page 32
Fundamental variables and units......Page 33
Zeroth law of thermodynamics......Page 34
Secondary variables and units......Page 35
Vapor-liquid-solid phase equilibrium......Page 41
Independent properties......Page 46
Thermal equations of state......Page 47
Ideal gas law......Page 48
Non-ideal thermal equations of state......Page 59
Compressibility factor......Page 60
Tabular thermal equations of state......Page 61
Saturated liquid-vapor water, temperature tables......Page 62
Saturated liquid-vapor water, pressure tables......Page 65
Superheated water tables......Page 66
Saturated water, solid-vapor......Page 67
Linear interpolation of tabular data......Page 68
Single interpolation......Page 69
Double interpolation......Page 71
Partial derivatives......Page 77
Total derivative......Page 78
Definitions......Page 81
Work for a simple compressible substance......Page 82
Other forms of work......Page 86
Heat......Page 97
Representations of the first law......Page 101
Cycle......Page 102
Process......Page 106
Specific internal energy for general materials......Page 111
Specific enthalpy for general materials......Page 112
Specific heat capacity......Page 114
Ideal Gases......Page 115
Calorically perfect......Page 117
Calorically imperfect......Page 119
Liquids and solids......Page 126
General materials......Page 127
Time-dependency......Page 131
Final comments on conservation......Page 134
First law analysis for a control volume......Page 137
Detailed derivations of control volume equations......Page 138
Divergence theorem......Page 139
Leibniz\'s rule......Page 141
Reynolds transport theorem......Page 144
Conservation axioms......Page 146
Mass......Page 147
Energy......Page 150
Work term......Page 151
Heat transfer term......Page 152
The first law of thermodynamics......Page 153
Mass conservation in brief......Page 156
Energy conservation in brief......Page 161
Throttling device......Page 163
Nozzles and diffusers......Page 164
Turbine......Page 166
Pumps and compressors......Page 167
Heat exchanger......Page 168
Introduction to the Rankine cycle......Page 171
Preview: equations of continuum mechanics......Page 180
Static solids equations......Page 181
Compressible fluid mechanics equations......Page 182
Heat transfer in incompressible static solids......Page 183
The second law of thermodynamics......Page 185
Statements of the second law......Page 186
Entropy-based statement......Page 187
Kelvin-Planck statement......Page 188
Carathèodory statement......Page 190
Historian-inspired statement......Page 191
Reversible and irreversible processes......Page 192
Analysis of Carnot heat engines......Page 193
The absolute temperature scale......Page 197
Analysis of Carnot refrigerators and heat pumps......Page 198
Rejected thermal energy on a national scale......Page 201
Theoretical development......Page 203
Second law in terms of entropy......Page 209
The Gibbs equation......Page 215
Entropy for ideal gases......Page 218
Calorically perfect ideal gas......Page 219
Calorically imperfect ideal gas......Page 220
Isochores......Page 223
Isentropes......Page 224
Isentropic relations for an ideal gas......Page 225
CPIG......Page 226
CIIG......Page 239
Carnot......Page 241
Otto......Page 250
Entropy of mixing......Page 255
Probabilistic approach to entropy......Page 258
Summary statement of thermodynamics......Page 263
Irreversible entropy production......Page 265
Bernoulli\'s principle......Page 269
Calorically perfect ideal gas limit......Page 272
Torricelli\'s formula......Page 274
Component efficiency......Page 278
Rankine......Page 281
Brayton......Page 291
Refrigeration......Page 304
Maxwell relations......Page 309
Two independent variables......Page 311
Legendre transformations......Page 312
Specific heat capacity......Page 318
The van der Waals gas......Page 321
Adiabatic sound speed......Page 328
Introduction to compressible flow......Page 334
Acoustics......Page 335
Steady flow with area change......Page 338
Appendix: method of least squares......Page 341
Bibliography......Page 353