Lecture Notes on Intermediate Thermodynamics

Preface......Page 7
Review......Page 9
Carnot......Page 17
Exergy......Page 24
Classical......Page 28
Reheat......Page 33
Regeneration......Page 34
Air standard cycles......Page 38
Classical......Page 39
Regeneration......Page 44
Ericsson Cycle......Page 47
Jet propulsion......Page 49
Reciprocating engine power cycles......Page 54
Otto......Page 56
Diesel......Page 60
Stirling......Page 65
Vapor-compression......Page 66
Air standard......Page 70
Some general issues......Page 73
Ideal mixtures of ideal gases......Page 77
Dalton model......Page 78
Binary mixtures......Page 81
Entropy of mixing......Page 84
Mixtures of constant mass fraction......Page 87
Summary of properties for the Dalton mixture model......Page 88
Gas-vapor mixtures......Page 94
First law......Page 97
Adiabatic saturation......Page 99
Psychrometric chart......Page 101
Exact differentials and state functions......Page 103
Two independent variables......Page 108
Legendre transformations......Page 111
Heat capacity......Page 116
Van der Waals gas......Page 120
Redlich-Kwong gas......Page 126
Compressibility and generalized charts......Page 127
Mixtures with variable composition......Page 128
Gibbs free energy......Page 131
Other properties......Page 132
Relation between mixture and partial molar properties......Page 134
Irreversible entropy production in a closed system......Page 135
Phase equilibrium......Page 138
Chemical equilibrium: introduction......Page 141
Isothermal, isochoric system......Page 142
Isothermal, isobaric system......Page 147
Equilibrium condition......Page 149
Molecular mass......Page 151
General development......Page 152
Fuel-air mixtures......Page 161
Enthalpy of formation......Page 163
Undiluted, cold mixture......Page 166
Dilute, cold mixture......Page 168
Dilute, preheated mixture......Page 169
Dilute, preheated mixture with minor species......Page 170
Chemical equilibrium......Page 171
Isochoric systems......Page 177
Isobaric systems......Page 185
Total mass conservation: isochoric reaction......Page 191
Element mass conservation: isochoric reaction......Page 192
Energy conservation: adiabatic, isochoric reaction......Page 193
Energy conservation: adiabatic, isobaric reaction......Page 195
Entropy evolution: Clausius-Duhem relation......Page 198
Simple one-step kinetics......Page 201
Summary of multiple reaction extensions......Page 205
Minimization of G via Lagrange multipliers......Page 211
Equilibration of all reactions......Page 216
Concise reaction rate law formulations......Page 218
Reaction dominant: J greater than or equal to N-L......Page 219
Adiabatic, isochoric kinetics......Page 220
Kinetics in some more detail......Page 223
Mathematical model......Page 226
Example calculation......Page 232
Species concentration versus time......Page 233
Pressure versus time......Page 234
Dynamical system form......Page 236
Effect of temperature......Page 240
Kinetics......Page 241
Thermodynamics......Page 243
Example calculation......Page 244
Standard model form......Page 247
Reduced form......Page 248
Example calculation......Page 252
Effect of temperature......Page 259
Effect of initial pressure......Page 260
Stiffness and numerics......Page 262
Thermal explosion theory......Page 264
One-step reversible kinetics......Page 265
First law of thermodynamics......Page 266
Dimensionless form......Page 269
Example calculation......Page 270
High activation energy asymptotics......Page 272
Detailed H2-O2-N2 kinetics......Page 276
Bibliography......Page 281