Learning SAS by Example. A Programmer’s Guide [2nd ed.]

Contents
List of Programs
Preface to the Second Edition
About This Book
	What Does This Book Cover?
	Is This Book for You?
	What Are the Prerequisites for This Book?
	What’s New in This Edition?
	What Should You Know about the Examples?
	Where Are the Exercise Solutions?
	We Want to Hear from You
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Getting Started
Chapter 1: What Is SAS?
	Introduction
	1.2 Getting Data into SAS
	1.3 A Sample SAS Program
	1.4 SAS Names
	1.5 SAS Data Sets and SAS Data Types
	1.6 The SAS Windowing Environment, SAS Enterprise Guide, and the SAS University Edition
	1.7 Problems
Chapter 2: Writing Your First SAS Program
	2.1 A Simple Program to Read Raw Data and Produce a Report
	2.2 Enhancing the Program
	2.3 More on Comment Statements
	2.4 How SAS Works (a Look inside the “Black Box”)
	2.5 Problems
Part 2: DATA Step Processing
Chapter 3: Reading Raw Data from External Files
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Reading Data Values Separated by Blanks
	3.3 Specifying Missing Values with List Input
	3.4 Reading Data Values Separated by Commas (CSV Files)
	3.5 Using an Alternative Method to Specify an External File
	3.6 Reading Data Values Separated by Delimiters Other Than Blanks or Commas
	3.7 Placing Data Lines Directly in Your Program (the DATALINES Statement)
	3.8 Specifying INFILE Options with the DATALINES Statement
	3.9 Reading Raw Data from Fixed Columns—Method 1: Column Input
	3.10 Reading Raw Data from Fixed Columns—Method 2: Formatted Input
	3.11 Using a FORMAT Statement in a DATA Step versus in a Procedure
	3.12 Using Informats with List Input
	3.13 Supplying an INFORMAT Statement with List Input
	3.14 Using List Input with Embedded Delimiters
	3.15 Problems
Chapter 4: Creating Permanent SAS Data Sets
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 SAS Libraries—The LIBNAME Statement
	4.3 Why Create Permanent SAS Data Sets?
	4.4 Examining the Descriptor Portion of a SAS Data Set Using PROC CONTENTS
	4.5 Listing All the SAS Data Sets in a SAS Library Using PROC CONTENTS
	4.6 Viewing the Descriptor Portion of a SAS Data Set Using a Point-and- Click Approach
	4.7 Viewing the Data Portion of a SAS Data Set Using PROC PRINT
	4.8 Using a SAS Data Set as Input to a DATA Step
	4.9 DATA _NULL_: A Data Set That Isn’t
	4.10 Problems
Chapter 5: Creating Labels and Formats
	5.1 Adding Labels to Your Variables
	5.2 Using Formats to Enhance Your Output
	5.3 Regrouping Values Using Formats
	5.4 More on Format Ranges
	5.5 Storing Your Formats in a Format Library
	5.6 Permanent Data Set Attributes
	5.7 Accessing a Permanent SAS Data Set with User-Defined Formats
	5.8 Displaying Your Format Definitions
	5.9 Problems
Chapter 6: Reading and Writing Data from an Excel Spreadsheet
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Using the Import Wizard to Convert a Spreadsheet to a SAS Data Set
	6.3 Creating an Excel Spreadsheet from a SAS Data Set
	6.4 Using an Engine to Read an Excel Spreadsheet
	6.5 Using the SAS Output Delivery System to Convert a SAS Data Set to an Excel Spreadsheet
	6.6 A Quick Look at the Import Utility in SAS Studio
	6.7 Problems
Chapter 7: Performing Conditional Processing
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 The IF and ELSE IF Statements
	7.3 The Subsetting IF Statement
	7.4 The IN Operator
	7.5 Using a SELECT Statement for Logical Tests
	7.6 Using Boolean Logic (AND, OR, and NOT Operators)
	7.7 A Caution When Using Multiple OR Operators
	7.8 The WHERE Statement
	7.9 Some Useful WHERE Operators
	7.10 Problems
Chapter 8: Performing Iterative Processing: Looping
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 DO Groups
	8.3 The Sum Statement
	8.4 The Iterative DO Loop
	8.5 Other Forms of an Iterative DO Loop
	8.6 DO WHILE and DO UNTIL Statements
	8.7 A Caution When Using DO UNTIL Statements
	8.8 LEAVE and CONTINUE Statements
	8.9 Problems
Chapter 9: Working with Dates
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 How SAS Stores Dates
	9.3 Reading Date Values from Text Data
	9.4 Computing the Number of Years between Two Dates
	9.5 Demonstrating a Date Constant
	9.6 Computing the Current Date
	9.7 Extracting the Day of the Week, Day of the Month, Month, and Year from a SAS Date
	9.8 Creating a SAS Date from Month, Day, and Year Values
	9.9 Substituting the 15th of the Month when the Day Value Is Missing
	9.10 Using Date Interval Functions
	9.11 Problems
Chapter 10: Subsetting and Combining SAS Data Sets
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Subsetting a SAS Data Set
	10.3 Creating More Than One Subset Data Set in One DATA Step
	10.4 Adding Observations to a SAS Data Set
	10.5 Interleaving Data Sets
	10.6 Combining Detail and Summary Data
	10.7 Merging Two Data Sets
	10.8 Omitting the BY Statement in a Merge
	10.9 Controlling Observations in a Merged Data Set
	10.10 More Uses for IN= Variables
	10.11 When Does a DATA Step End?
	10.12 Merging Two Data Sets with Different BY Variable Names
	10.13 Merging Two Data Sets with Different BY Variable Data Types
	10.14 One-to-One, One-to-Many, and Many-to-Many Merges
	10.15 Updating a Master File from a Transaction File
	10.16 Problems
Chapter 11: Working with Numeric Functions
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Functions That Round and Truncate Numeric Values
	11.3 Functions That Work with Missing Values
	11.4 Setting Character and Numeric Values to Missing
	11.5 Descriptive Statistics Functions
	11.6 Computing Sums within an Observation
	11.7 Mathematical Functions
	11.8 Computing Some Useful Constants
	11.9 Generating Random Numbers
	11.10 Special Functions
	11.11 Functions That Return Values from Previous Observations
	11.12 Sorting Within an Observations—a Game Changer
	11.12 Problems
Chapter 12: Working with Character Functions
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Determining the Length of a Character Value
	12.3 Changing the Case of Characters
	12.4 Removing Characters from Strings
	12.5 Joining Two or More Strings Together
	12.6 Removing Leading or Trailing Blanks
	12.7 Using the COMPRESS Function to Remove Characters from a String
	12.8 Searching for Characters
	12.9 Searching for Individual Characters
	12.10 Searching for Words in a String
	12.11 Searching for Character Classes
	12.12 Using the NOT Functions for Data Cleaning
	12.13 Extracting Part of a String
	12.14 Dividing Strings into Words
	12.15 Performing a Fuzzy Match
	12.16 Substituting Strings or Words
	12.17 Problems
Chapter 13: Working with Arrays
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Setting Values of 999 to a SAS Missing Value for Several Numeric Variables
	13.3 Setting Values of NA and ? to a Missing Character Value
	13.4 Converting All Character Values to Propercase
	13.5 Using an Array to Create New Variables
	13.6 Changing the Array Bounds
	13.7 Temporary Arrays
	13.8 Loading the Initial Values of a Temporary Array from a Raw Data File
	13.9 Using a Multidimensional Array for Table Lookup
	13.10 Problems
Part 3: Presenting and Summarizing Your Data
Chapter 14: Displaying Your Data
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 The Basics
	14.3 Changing the Appearance of Your Listing
	14.4 Changing the Appearance of Values
	14.5 Controlling the Observations That Appear in Your Listing
	14.6 Adding Titles and Footnotes to Your Listing
	14.7 Changing the Order of Your Listing
	14.8 Sorting by More Than One Variable
	14.9 Labeling Your Column Headings
	14.10 Adding Subtotals and Totals to Your Listing
	14.11 Making Your Listing Easier to Read
	14.12 Adding the Number of Observations to Your Listing
	14.13 Listing the First
	Observations of Your Data Set
	14.14 Problems
Chapter 15: Creating Customized Reports
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Using PROC REPORT
	15.3 Selecting the Variables to Include in Your Report
	15.4 Comparing Detail and Summary Reports
	15.5 Producing a Summary Report
	15.6 Demonstrating the FLOW Option of PROC REPORT
	15.7 Using Two Grouping Variables
	15.8 Changing the Order of Variables in the COLUMN Statement
	15.9 Changing the Order of Rows in a Report
	15.10 Applying the ORDER Usage to Two Variables
	15.11 Creating a Multi-Column Report
	15.12 Producing Report Breaks
	15.13 Using a Nonprinting Variable to Order a Report
	15.14 Computing a New Variable with PROC REPORT
	15.15 Computing a Character Variable in a COMPUTE Block
	15.16 Creating an ACROSS Variable with PROC REPORT
	15.17 Using an ACROSS Usage to Display Statistics
	15.18 Problems
Chapter 16: Summarizing Your Data
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 PROC MEANS—Starting from the Beginning
	16.3 Adding a BY Statement to PROC MEANS
	16.4 Using a CLASS Statement with PROC MEANS
	16.5 Applying a Format to a CLASS Variable
	16.6 Deciding between a BY Statement and a CLASS Statement
	16.7 Creating Summary Data Sets Using PROC MEANS
	16.8 Outputting Other Descriptive Statistics with PROC MEANS
	16.9 Asking SAS to Name the Variables in the Output Data Set
	16.10 Outputting a Summary Data Set: Including a BY Statement
	16.11 Outputting a Summary Data Set: Using a CLASS Statement
	16.12 Using Two CLASS Variables with PROC MEANS
	16.13 Selecting Different Statistics for Each Variable
	16.14 Printing all Possible Combinations of Your Class Variables
	16.15 Problems
Chapter 17: Counting Frequencies
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Counting Frequencies
	17.3 Selecting Variables for PROC FREQ
	17.4 Using Formats to Label the Output
	17.5 Using Formats to Group Values
	17.6 Problems Grouping Values with PROC FREQ
	17.7 Displaying Missing Values in the Frequency Table
	17.8 Changing the Order of Values in PROC FREQ
	17.9 Producing Two-Way Tables
	17.10 Requesting Multiple Two-Way Tables
	17.11 Producing Three-Way Tables
	17.12 Problems
Chapter 18: Creating Tabular Reports
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 A Simple PROC TABULATE Table
	18.3 Describing the Three PROC TABULATE Operators
	18.4 Using the Keyword ALL
	18.5 Producing Descriptive Statistics
	18.6 Combining CLASS and Analysis Variables in a Table
	18.7 Customizing Your Table
	18.8 Demonstrating a More Complex Table
	18.9 Computing Row and Column Percentages
	18.10 Displaying Percentages in a Two-Dimensional Table
	18.11 Computing Column Percentages
	18.12 Computing Percentages on Numeric Variables
	18.13 Understanding How Missing Values Affect PROC TABULATE Output
	18.14 Problems
Chapter 19: Introducing the Output Delivery System
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Sending SAS Output to an HTML File
	19.3 Creating a Table of Contents
	19.4 Selecting a Different HTML Style
	19.5 Choosing Other ODS Destinations
	19.6 Selecting or Excluding Portions of SAS Output
	19.7 Sending Output to a SAS Data Set
	19.8 Problems
Chapter 20: Creating Charts and Graphs
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Creating Bar Charts
	20.3 Displaying Statistics for a Response Variable
	20.4 Creating Scatter Plots
	20.5 Adding a Regression Line and Confidence Limits to the Plot
	20.6 Generating Time Series Plots
	20.7 Describing Two Methods of Generating Smooth Curves
	20.8 Generating Histograms
	20.9 Generating a Simple Box Plot
	20.10 Producing a Box Plot with a Grouping Variable
	20.11 Demonstrating Overlays and Transparency
	20.12 Problems
Part 4: Advanced Topics
Chapter 21: Using Advanced INPUT Techniques
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Handling Missing Values at the End of a Line
	21.3 Reading Short Data Lines
	21.4 Reading External Files with Lines Longer Than 32,767 Characters
	21.5 Detecting the End of the File
	21.6 Reading a Portion of a Raw Data File
	21.7 Reading Data from Multiple Files
	21.8 Reading Data from Multiple Files Using a FILENAME Statement
	21.9 Reading External Filenames from a Data File
	21.10 Reading Multiple Lines of Data to Create One Observation
	21.11 Reading Data Conditionally (the Single Trailing @ Sign)
	21.12 More Examples of the Single Trailing @ Sign
	21.13 Creating Multiple Observations from One Line of Input
	21.14 Using Variable and Informat Lists
	21.15 Using Relative Column Pointers to Read a Complex Data Structure Efficiently
	21.16 Problems
Chapter 22: Using Advanced Features of User- Defined Formats and Informats
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Using Formats to Recode Variables
	22.3 Using Formats with a PUT Function to Create New Variables
	22.4 Creating User-Defined Informats
	22.5 Reading Character and Numeric Data in One Step
	22.6 Using Formats (and Informats) to Perform Table Lookup
	22.7 Using a SAS Data Set to Create a Format
	22.8 Updating and Maintaining Your Formats
	22.9 Using Formats within Formats
	22.10 Multilabel Formats
	22.11 Using the INPUTN Function to Perform a More Complicated Table Lookup
	22.12 Problems
Chapter 23: Restructuring SAS Data Sets
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Converting a Data Set with One Observation per Subject to a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject: Using a DATA Step
	23.3 Converting a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject to a Data Set with One Observation per Subject: Using a DATA Step
	23.4 Converting a Data Set with One Observation per Subject to a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject: Using PROC TRANSPOSE
	23.5 Converting a Data Set with Several Observations per Subject to a Data Set with One Observation per Subject: Using PROC TRANSPOSE
	23.6 Problems
Chapter 24: Working with Multiple Observations per Subject
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Identifying the First or Last Observation in a Group
	24.3 Counting the Number of Visits Using PROC FREQ
	24.4 Computing Differences between Observations
	24.5 Computing Differences between the First and Last Observation in a BY Group Using the LAG Function
	24.6 Computing Differences between the First and Last Observation in a BY Group Using a RETAIN Statement
	24.7 Using a Retained Variable to “Remember” a Previous Value
	24.8 Problems
Chapter 25: Introducing the SAS Macro Language
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Macro Variables: What Are They?
	25.3 Some Built-In Macro Variables
	25.4 Assigning Values to Macro Variables with a %LET Statement
	25.5 Demonstrating a Simple Macro
	25.6 Describing Positional and Keyword Macro Parameters
	25.7 A Word about Tokens
	25.8 Another Example of Using a Macro Variable as a Prefix
	25.9 Using a Macro Variable to Transfer a Value between DATA Steps
	25.10 Problems
Chapter 26: Introducing the Structured Query Language
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Some Basics
	26.3 Joining Two Tables (Merge)
	26.4 Left, Right, and Full Joins
	26.5 Concatenating Data Sets
	26.6 Using Summary Functions
	26.7 Demonstrating the ORDER Clause
	26.8 An Example of Fuzzy Matching
	26.9 Problems
Chapter 27: Introducing Perl Regular Expressions
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Describing the Syntax of Regular Expressions
	27.3 Testing That Social Security Numbers Are in Standard Form
	27.4 Checking for Valid ZIP Codes
	27.5 Verifying That Phone Numbers Are in a Standard Form
	27.6 Describing the PRXPARSE Function
	27.7 Problems
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Index