Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference 1-4

Volume 1 LEARNING THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR......Page p0001.djvu
Contents......Page p0006.djvu
Contributors to Volume 1......Page p0010.djvu
FOREWORD......Page p0018.djvu
PREFACE......Page p0020.djvu
Permission Acknowledgement......Page p0022.djvu
Biology of Learning and Memory: The Value of a Comparative Approach......Page p0023.djvu
Theories, Processes, and Mechanisms......Page p0026.djvu
What Is Memory and What Is a Memory Trace?......Page p0027.djvu
The Engineer’s Approach to Learning and Memory......Page p0029.djvu
References......Page p0030.djvu
Introduction......Page p0033.djvu
Explicit and Implicit Memory......Page p0034.djvu
Conscious and Unconscious Forms of Memory......Page p0035.djvu
Intentional and incidental retrieval......Page p0036.djvu
Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory......Page p0037.djvu
Sensory Memories......Page p0038.djvu
Working Memory......Page p0039.djvu
Varieties of Long-Term Memory......Page p0040.djvu
Skill learning......Page p0041.djvu
Autobiographical memory......Page p0042.djvu
Semantic memory......Page p0043.djvu
Collective memory......Page p0044.djvu
References......Page p0045.djvu
Instrumental Learning Historically and Today......Page p0047.djvu
Misbehavior......Page p0049.djvu
Thorndike......Page p0050.djvu
Skinner......Page p0051.djvu
Types of Instrumental Behavior......Page p0052.djvu
Need Reduction......Page p0053.djvu
Discriminative Stimuli......Page p0054.djvu
Configural Cues......Page p0055.djvu
Reinforcement-Produced Stimuli (Pavlovian Version)......Page p0056.djvu
Stimulus Process Models......Page p0057.djvu
Characterizing the Response......Page p0058.djvu
R-O Association......Page p0059.djvu
References......Page p0060.djvu
Introduction......Page p0063.djvu
What Is a Memory, and a Memory System?......Page p0064.djvu
What Is Memory, Redux......Page p0066.djvu
Multiple Knowledge Systems......Page p0067.djvu
Knowing where......Page p0068.djvu
Knowing valence......Page p0069.djvu
The Development of Knowledge Systems......Page p0070.djvu
The Delayed Emergence of Episodic Memory......Page p0071.djvu
The Impact of Stress......Page p0072.djvu
References......Page p0073.djvu
Retrieval from Memory......Page p0075.djvu
Changes in the Organism’s Internal State......Page p0076.djvu
Experimentally Induced Amnesias......Page p0078.djvu
Reconsolidation......Page p0079.djvu
Cue Competition and Outcome Competition......Page p0080.djvu
Interference between Cues and Outcomes Trained Apart......Page p0081.djvu
Matching of Information as Critical for the Retrieval from Memory......Page p0084.djvu
The Comparator Hypothesis: A Retrieval-Focused View of Cue Competition......Page p0085.djvu
Bouton’s Retrieval Model of Outcome Interference......Page p0088.djvu
Neurobiology of Retrieval......Page p0090.djvu
Acknowledgments......Page p0092.djvu
References......Page p0093.djvu
Operant Conditioning......Page p0097.djvu
Nonoperant Effects in Operant Conditioning......Page p0099.djvu
Determinants of Operant Learning......Page p0102.djvu
Basic Facts......Page p0103.djvu
Scalar Expectancy Theory......Page p0104.djvu
Beyond Psychophysics......Page p0109.djvu
The Matching Law......Page p0111.djvu
The Structure of Choice......Page p0112.djvu
Local and Global Control of Behavior in Concurrent Schedules......Page p0113.djvu
Primary Reinforcement......Page p0114.djvu
Conditioned Reinforcement......Page p0116.djvu
Conclusion......Page p0118.djvu
References......Page p0119.djvu
Phenomena......Page p0125.djvu
Simple Sensory Thresholds......Page p0126.djvu
More Complex Stimuli......Page p0127.djvu
Categorization......Page p0128.djvu
Taste and Smell......Page p0129.djvu
Acquired Distinctiveness......Page p0130.djvu
Theoretical Issues......Page p0132.djvu
Acquired Distinctiveness and Acquired Equivalence......Page p0133.djvu
Unitization......Page p0135.djvu
Associative Inhibition......Page p0136.djvu
Attentional Learning Processes......Page p0138.djvu
Latent Inhibition and Associability Modulation......Page p0139.djvu
Habituation and Salience Modulation......Page p0140.djvu
Conclusions......Page p0141.djvu
References......Page p0142.djvu
Introduction......Page p0145.djvu
Discrimination Learning......Page p0146.djvu
Stimulus generalization: immediate, specific transfer......Page p0148.djvu
Other types of transfer......Page p0150.djvu
Immediate, nonspecific transfer......Page p0151.djvu
Learning to learn: latent, nonspecific transfer......Page p0152.djvu
Absolute thresholds......Page p0154.djvu
Psychophysics of Memory......Page p0156.djvu
Psychophysics of Time......Page p0157.djvu
Transfer Tests of Inhibition......Page p0158.djvu
Generalization after Discrimination Training......Page p0160.djvu
Inhibition and Nonassociative Contributions to Responding......Page p0161.djvu
Compound versus element discriminations......Page p0162.djvu
Feature-negative and feature-positive discriminations......Page p0163.djvu
Serial conditional discriminations......Page p0164.djvu
Compound and element testing......Page p0165.djvu
Sequential effects......Page p0166.djvu
Differential outcomes effect......Page p0167.djvu
References......Page p0168.djvu
Extinction: Behavioral Mechanisms and Their Implications......Page p0173.djvu
Renewal......Page p0174.djvu
Spontaneous Recovery......Page p0176.djvu
Rapid Reacquisition......Page p0177.djvu
Resurgence......Page p0178.djvu
Concurrent Recovery......Page p0179.djvu
Discrimination of Reinforcement Rate......Page p0180.djvu
Generalization Decrement......Page p0181.djvu
Inhibition of the Response......Page p0182.djvu
Violation of Reinforcer Expectation......Page p0183.djvu
Other Behavioral Techniques to Optimize Extinction Learning......Page p0185.djvu
Chemical Adjuncts......Page p0186.djvu
Conclusions......Page p0188.djvu
References......Page p0189.djvu
Thorndike and the Law of Effect......Page p0195.djvu
Operant Behavior: Goal Directed versus Habitual......Page p0197.djvu
Outcome devaluation......Page p0198.djvu
Manipulations of the R-O contingency......Page p0200.djvu
Intentional Psychology: Beliefs and Desires......Page p0201.djvu
Animals as Free Agents......Page p0203.djvu
Making Things Happen......Page p0204.djvu
Seeing versus Doing......Page p0205.djvu
Seeing versus doing in children......Page p0206.djvu
Seeing versus doing in rats......Page p0207.djvu
Tool Use: From Crow to Cro-Magnon......Page p0209.djvu
Tool Use in Primates......Page p0210.djvu
Tool Use in Corvids......Page p0211.djvu
Tool Use by Humankind......Page p0213.djvu
References......Page p0215.djvu
Introduction and Theoretical Distinctions......Page p0219.djvu
Operational Definitions of Category and Concept......Page p0220.djvu
History of Animal Categorization Research: Herrnstein’s Studies......Page p0221.djvu
Further Research on Basic-Level Categorization......Page p0223.djvu
Do Animals Perceive the Cohesiveness of Basic-Level Categories?......Page p0229.djvu
Artificial Polymorphous Categories as Models of Basic-Level Categories......Page p0230.djvu
Perceptual Concepts as Subordinate-Level Categories......Page p0231.djvu
Nonsimilarity-Based Concepts as Superordinate-Level Categories......Page p0232.djvu
Nonsimilarity-Based Concepts as Equivalence Classes......Page p0234.djvu
Concept of Number......Page p0236.djvu
Relational Concepts in the Transposition Paradigm......Page p0239.djvu
Concept of Identity......Page p0240.djvu
Relations Among Relations......Page p0241.djvu
Conclusion: What Does It All Mean?......Page p0243.djvu
References......Page p0244.djvu
Behavioral Evidence for Early Selection......Page p0265.djvu
Behavioral Evidence for Late Selection......Page p0268.djvu
Audition......Page p0271.djvu
Vision......Page p0272.djvu
Implications for the Early versus Late Debate......Page p0273.djvu
Possible Resolutions to the Debate......Page p0274.djvu
Working Memory and the Locus of Selection......Page p0275.djvu
Summary......Page p0276.djvu
References......Page p0277.djvu
Learning and Representation......Page p0249.djvu
Representations: Definition and Explication......Page p0250.djvu
Dead Reckoning......Page p0252.djvu
Learning the Solar Ephemeris......Page p0253.djvu
The Cognitive Map......Page p0255.djvu
The Representation of Past Episodes......Page p0258.djvu
Implications for Neurobiology......Page p0259.djvu
References......Page p0262.djvu
Introduction......Page p0281.djvu
Do Medial Temporal Lobe Structures Have Dissociable Roles?......Page p0283.djvu
Point: The Hippocampus Supports Mnemonic Functions That Are Independent of Those Mediated by Adjacent Neocortical Regions......Page p0285.djvu
Counterpoint: The Hippocampus and Surrounding Cortices Support Both Item and Relational Memory......Page p0289.djvu
The Role of the Perirhinal Cortex in Object Memory and Object Perception......Page p0291.djvu
Point: The Perirhinal Cortex Supports Visual Perception......Page p0292.djvu
Counterpoint: The Perirhinal Cortex Supports Memory but Not Perception......Page p0294.djvu
Retrieval of Autobiographical Memories in Amnesia......Page p0295.djvu
Point: Retrieval of Remote Autobiographical Memories Does Not Require the Medial Temporal Lobe......Page p0297.djvu
Counterpoint: Medial Temporal Lobe Structures Are Required for Retrieval of Autobiographical Memories from All Time Periods......Page p0299.djvu
References......Page p0301.djvu
Introduction......Page p0309.djvu
Neurobiological Factors......Page p0310.djvu
Nonhuman Animal Populations......Page p0311.djvu
Human Populations......Page p0313.djvu
Conclusions......Page p0315.djvu
References......Page p0317.djvu
Introduction......Page p0321.djvu
Definition......Page p0322.djvu
Recent Advances......Page p0323.djvu
Referential Signaling......Page p0324.djvu
Vocal Production......Page p0325.djvu
Neural Control of Vocalizations......Page p0326.djvu
Gestures......Page p0327.djvu
Intentional Signaling......Page p0328.djvu
Imitation......Page p0329.djvu
Teaching......Page p0331.djvu
Conclusions......Page p0332.djvu
References......Page p0333.djvu
Introduction......Page p0337.djvu
Special Brain Mechanisms......Page p0338.djvu
Sensitive Periods for Learning......Page p0339.djvu
The Ontogeny of Learned Song......Page p0340.djvu
Overproduction, Attrition, and Action-Based Learning......Page p0341.djvu
Effects of Isolation and Deafness......Page p0342.djvu
Learning Preferences......Page p0343.djvu
The Role of Innate Knowledge in Song Development......Page p0344.djvu
Song Development as a Creative Process......Page p0345.djvu
References......Page p0346.djvu
Introduction......Page p0349.djvu
Biological Constraints on Learning......Page p0350.djvu
Constraints on the conditioning of avoidance learning......Page p0351.djvu
Long-delay taste-aversion learning......Page p0352.djvu
Biological Constraints......Page p0353.djvu
Preparedness......Page p0354.djvu
Behavior Systems and Learning......Page p0355.djvu
Natural Learning Paradigms......Page p0356.djvu
Special Properties of Naturalistic Learning......Page p0357.djvu
Conclusion......Page p0359.djvu
References......Page p0360.djvu
Interval Timing in Everyday Life......Page p0363.djvu
Bisection Task......Page p0365.djvu
Peak Procedure......Page p0367.djvu
Generalization......Page p0368.djvu
Theories of Interval Timing......Page p0369.djvu
Scalar Expectancy Theory......Page p0370.djvu
Timing Without a Clock......Page p0371.djvu
Packet Theory......Page p0372.djvu
Formal Properties of Interval and Circadian Timing......Page p0373.djvu
Resetting Properties of Short-Interval Timing......Page p0374.djvu
Endogenous Oscillations in Short-Interval Timing......Page p0375.djvu
Timing Long Intervals......Page p0376.djvu
Endogenous Oscillations in Long-Interval Timing......Page p0377.djvu
Variance Properties in Circadian and Short-Interval Timing......Page p0380.djvu
Integration of Interval and Circadian Timing......Page p0381.djvu
Conclusions......Page p0383.djvu
References......Page p0384.djvu
Introduction......Page p0387.djvu
Foraging Basics......Page p0388.djvu
Prey Choice......Page p0389.djvu
Patch Exploitation......Page p0390.djvu
General Principles and Conclusions......Page p0393.djvu
The Value of Information......Page p0394.djvu
Tracking......Page p0395.djvu
Optimal Memory......Page p0396.djvu
How Learning Constrains Foraging......Page p0397.djvu
Learning to handle prey......Page p0398.djvu
Foraging and Predator Avoidance......Page p0399.djvu
Learning about predators......Page p0400.djvu
Group size......Page p0401.djvu
Social information use......Page p0402.djvu
Intelligence, foraging, and sociality......Page p0403.djvu
References......Page p0404.djvu
Navigation......Page p0407.djvu
Path integration......Page p0408.djvu
Neural Basis of Navigation......Page p0409.djvu
Anatomy of the hippocampal memory system......Page p0410.djvu
Evidence from rodent studies......Page p0411.djvu
Electrophysiological evidence supporting the cognitive map theory......Page p0414.djvu
Processing of spatial information in other brain regions......Page p0415.djvu
Guidances and orientations......Page p0416.djvu
Navigation by piloting to landmarks does not always require a cognitive map, and navigation reflecting the use of a cognitive map does not always require the hippocampus......Page p0417.djvu
Conclusions......Page p0418.djvu
Modern taxonomy of memory systems......Page p0419.djvu
Episodic and semantic memory......Page p0420.djvu
Evidence from human studies......Page p0421.djvu
Episodic memories are acquired in a single experience......Page p0422.djvu
What-where-when......Page p0423.djvu
Context in which experiences occur......Page p0424.djvu
Disambiguating learned sequences of events......Page p0425.djvu
Coding of specific events or experiences in their context......Page p0428.djvu
Coding of episodes as sequences of events......Page p0430.djvu
Disambiguating and linking distinct episodic memories......Page p0431.djvu
Reconciling the Role of the Hippocampus in Navigation and Episodic Memory......Page p0432.djvu
Cognitive Maps as Semantic Knowledge Structures Extracted from Individual Episodic Memories......Page p0433.djvu
References......Page p0434.djvu
Introduction......Page p0441.djvu
The Natural History of Food Storage......Page p0442.djvu
Experimental Evidence for Spatial Memory......Page p0443.djvu
Memory duration......Page p0444.djvu
Proactive and retroactive interference......Page p0445.djvu
Coding of Cache Site Locations......Page p0446.djvu
Landmark use during the recovery of stored food......Page p0447.djvu
Landmarks and the coding of spatial locations......Page p0448.djvu
Cache-Site Memory......Page p0450.djvu
One-trial associative tasks......Page p0451.djvu
Open-room radial maze......Page p0452.djvu
Operant tasks......Page p0453.djvu
The Hippocampus in Food-Storing Birds......Page p0454.djvu
Experience, Seasonality, and Neurogenesis in Birds......Page p0455.djvu
Role of the Hippocampus in Mammals......Page p0456.djvu
Cognitive Pleiotropy......Page p0457.djvu
References......Page p0458.djvu
Introduction......Page p0463.djvu
Animal Studies......Page p0464.djvu
The Critical Components of Episodic-Like Memory......Page p0465.djvu
The what-where-and-when memories of food-caching Western scrub-jays......Page p0466.djvu
Evidence of what-where-and-when memories in other animals......Page p0467.djvu
Challenging the ‘‘when’’ component......Page p0470.djvu
Differential forgetting or remembrance of times past?......Page p0471.djvu
The Structural Criterion of Episodic-Like Memories: An Integrated Representation......Page p0472.djvu
The Flexibility Criterion......Page p0474.djvu
Incidental and Automatic Encoding......Page p0475.djvu
The Distribution and Evolution of Episodic Memory......Page p0477.djvu
References......Page p0479.djvu
Historical Background: Thinking About Memory......Page p0483.djvu
Challenges to the Consolidation Hypothesis......Page p0484.djvu
Amnesia and Forgetting As Retrieval Failure......Page p0485.djvu
Seminal Studies by Donald Lewis......Page p0486.djvu
Cue-Dependent Amnesia: Neurobiological Hypotheses......Page p0487.djvu
Role of the Noradrenergic System......Page p0488.djvu
Neurobiological Substrates and Boundaries of Reconsolidation......Page p0489.djvu
Permanence of cue-dependent amnesia?......Page p0490.djvu
Task- and species-related boundaries......Page p0491.djvu
Enhancement by MRF stimulation......Page p0492.djvu
Enhancement by activation of the noradrenergic system......Page p0493.djvu
New Look at Retrieval and 'Reconsolidation’......Page p0494.djvu
References......Page p0495.djvu
Introduction......Page p0499.djvu
Chemical......Page p0500.djvu
Mechanosensory......Page p0501.djvu
Mechanosensory and combined modalities......Page p0502.djvu
What is the information content of the honeybee waggle dance?......Page p0504.djvu
Typology......Page p0507.djvu
Navigation in Desert Ants......Page p0508.djvu
Navigation in Honeybees......Page p0510.djvu
Memory structure......Page p0513.djvu
Insect Migrations......Page p0515.djvu
References......Page p0516.djvu
Spatial Cognition in Fish: Observations in the Natural Environment......Page p0521.djvu
Exploration and Environment Investigation......Page p0523.djvu
Spatial Learning in Fish: Cues and Strategies......Page p0524.djvu
Separating Egocentric and Allocentric Navigation......Page p0526.djvu
Map-like Memory Representations of the Environmental Space......Page p0531.djvu
Neural Basis of Spatial Cognition in Teleost Fish......Page p0533.djvu
Teleost Fish Telencephalon and Spatial Cognition......Page p0534.djvu
Telencephalic Hippocampal Pallium and Map-like Memories in Teleost Fish......Page p0536.djvu
Neural Mechanisms for Egocentrically Referenced Spatial Orientation......Page p0539.djvu
References......Page p0543.djvu
Memory Consolidation after Training and Retrieval......Page p0551.djvu
Reconsolidation in Limax flavus......Page p0553.djvu
The Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis......Page p0554.djvu
A long-term memory for the tactile stimulus is already formed after 4h......Page p0555.djvu
The neuronal network underlying the aerial respiration paradigm......Page p0556.djvu
Reconsolidation in the aerial respiration paradigm......Page p0557.djvu
Reconsolidation in the appetitive chemosensory conditioning paradigm......Page p0558.djvu
Reconsolidation in Helix lucorum......Page p0560.djvu
Learning about a visual danger stimulus (VDA) leads to an associative and a nonassociative memory component......Page p0561.djvu
The duration of the reexposure defined by its offset is critical for reconsolidation to occur......Page p0563.djvu
A consolidated LTM is formed after three CS-US pairings......Page p0565.djvu
Retrieval of a consolidated olfactory LTM......Page p0566.djvu
Conclusion......Page p0567.djvu
References......Page p0568.djvu
Neural Plasticity?......Page p0571.djvu
Necessity of Neuronal Plasticity in the Mushroom Bodies......Page p0573.djvu
Blocking Input to the Mushroom Body during Training......Page p0574.djvu
A Memory Trace in the Projection Neurons and/or Antennal Lobes?......Page p0575.djvu
Learned Visual Pattern Preference......Page p0576.djvu
Assessing Gene Expression Patterns......Page p0577.djvu
Memory Mapping Reveals Functional Architecture......Page p0578.djvu
References......Page p0579.djvu
Introduction......Page p0583.djvu
Elemental and Nonelemental Forms of Associative Learning......Page p0584.djvu
The Honeybee as a Natural Model for Studies on Learning and Memory......Page p0585.djvu
Conditioning of the Approach Flight Toward a Visual Target in Free-Flying Bees......Page p0586.djvu
Olfactory Conditioning of the Sting Extension Reflex in Harnessed Bees......Page p0588.djvu
Elemental Color Learning and Memory in Free-Flying Honeybees......Page p0589.djvu
Cellular Bases of Appetitive Olfactory Proboscis Extension Reflex Conditioning......Page p0591.djvu
Elemental Aversive Learning in Bees......Page p0594.djvu
Nonelemental Learning in Bees......Page p0595.djvu
Categorization of Visual Stimuli......Page p0598.djvu
Rule Learning......Page p0600.djvu
Distributed Cognition in Honeybees......Page p0602.djvu
References......Page p0604.djvu
Model Circuits......Page p0609.djvu
Lymnaea Feeding......Page p0610.djvu
Nonassociative Learning: Habituation and Sensitization in the Gill-Siphon Withdrawal Reflex......Page p0611.djvu
Habituation......Page p0612.djvu
Sensitization......Page p0613.djvu
Aversive Classical Conditioning of the Aplysia Gill-Siphon Withdrawal Reflex......Page p0614.djvu
Aversive Classical Conditioning of Hermissenda Phototactic Behavior......Page p0616.djvu
Aversive and Appetitive Conditioning of Chemosensory Responses in Terrestrial Slugs and Snails......Page p0618.djvu
Reward Classical Conditioning of Lymnaea and Aplysia Feeding Behavior......Page p0619.djvu
Aversive Operant Conditioning of Lymnaea Breathing Behavior......Page p0622.djvu
Comparison of Nonsynaptic Electrical Mechanisms in Different Types of Molluscan Learning......Page p0623.djvu
References......Page p0624.djvu
An Historical Overview......Page p0627.djvu
A Research Effort Lasting Over a Century......Page p0628.djvu
The contribution of J. Z. Young......Page p0629.djvu
The Breadth of the Studies on Octopus and Other Cephalopods......Page p0630.djvu
General Organization of the Brain......Page p0631.djvu
Tactile information......Page p0633.djvu
How Computation in the Learning System Is Achieved......Page p0634.djvu
Learning in Cephalopods......Page p0636.djvu
Various Forms of Associative Learning......Page p0638.djvu
Development of the Learning Capabilities......Page p0639.djvu
Social learning......Page p0640.djvu
Effect of Acclimatization: Contextual Learning......Page p0641.djvu
Neophobia/Neophilia and the Shy-Bold Continuum......Page p0642.djvu
Memory in Cephalopods......Page p0643.djvu
References......Page p0644.djvu
Introduction......Page p0651.djvu
Mechanical Stimuli......Page p0652.djvu
Context Conditioning for Habituation......Page p0655.djvu
State-Dependent Learning......Page p0656.djvu
Thermotaxis......Page p0657.djvu
Predicting Harm......Page p0659.djvu
Aversive Learning toward Pathogenic Food......Page p0660.djvu
References......Page p0661.djvu
Introduction......Page p0663.djvu
Systems-level neurophysiology of the primate hippocampus......Page p0664.djvu
Hippocampal circuitry ......Page p0666.djvu
Dentate granule cells......Page p0667.djvu
Storage capacity......Page p0670.djvu
Completion......Page p0672.djvu
Continuous spatial patterns and CA3 representations......Page p0673.djvu
Idiothetic update by path integration......Page p0675.djvu
The dynamics of the recurrent network......Page p0676.djvu
Mossy fiber inputs to the CA3 cells......Page p0677.djvu
Perforant path inputs to CA3 cells......Page p0678.djvu
Recoding in CA1 to facilitate retrieval to the neocortex......Page p0679.djvu
Backprojections to the neocortex - a hypothesis......Page p0680.djvu
Backprojections to the neocortex - quantitative aspects......Page p0681.djvu
Comparison with Other Theories of Hippocampal Function......Page p0682.djvu
Acknowledgments......Page p0683.djvu
References......Page p0684.djvu
Introduction......Page p0689.djvu
Hebbian Learning......Page p0690.djvu
Unsupervised Hebbian Learning......Page p0691.djvu
Supervised Learning......Page p0692.djvu
Reinforcement Learning......Page p0694.djvu
Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity......Page p0695.djvu
Plasticity of Intrinsic Excitability......Page p0697.djvu
Complexity of Learning......Page p0698.djvu
References......Page p0700.djvu
Introduction......Page p0703.djvu
Connectionist Modeling of Hippocampal Episodic Memory......Page p0704.djvu
Encoding and Retrieval of Items within a Context Cue Presented in Layer II of Entorhinal Cortex......Page p0708.djvu
Dentate Gyrus: Generating Representations That Minimize Interference......Page p0710.djvu
CA3: Forming Attractors and Associations between Attractors during Rhythmic Oscillation at Theta Frequency......Page p0712.djvu
CA1: Comparing and Gating of Input from Region CA3 and Entorhinal Cortex......Page p0714.djvu
Medial Septum: Feedback Regulation of Cholinergic Modulation and Selective Emphasis of Encoding or Retrieval......Page p0715.djvu
The Hippocampal Model of Temporal Context-Dependent Episodic Memory......Page p0716.djvu
References......Page p0719.djvu
Introduction......Page p0723.djvu
The Effect of Changes in Reward Value......Page p0724.djvu
Incentive Learning and the Encoding of Reward Value......Page p0726.djvu
Incentive Learning as an Emotional Process......Page p0728.djvu
Retrieving Reward Value......Page p0729.djvu
Secondary Reward......Page p0730.djvu
Sensory Versus Secondary Reward......Page p0731.djvu
Do Secondary Rewards Reward, Reinstate, or Reinforce?......Page p0732.djvu
Pavlovian-Instrumental Interactions......Page p0735.djvu
The Two-Process Account of Reward Value......Page p0737.djvu
Summary and Conclusions......Page p0740.djvu
References......Page p0741.djvu
Introduction......Page p0743.djvu
Spike Timing Synaptic Plasticity......Page p0744.djvu
Evidence for Relations between Oscillatory Activity, Synaptic Plasticity, and Learning......Page p0746.djvu
References......Page p0748.djvu
Introduction......Page p0751.djvu
Information Processing Theories......Page p0752.djvu
Anatomical Data......Page p0753.djvu
Two computational spaces......Page p0755.djvu
Content of the global workspace......Page p0756.djvu
Global modulation of workspace activation......Page p0757.djvu
Spatiotemporal dynamics of workspace activity......Page p0758.djvu
Long-range connections......Page p0759.djvu
Minimal Models of Cognitive Architectures for Effortful Tasks......Page p0760.djvu
States of Vigilance as Spontaneous Thalamocortical Rhythms and Their Brain Imaging......Page p0761.djvu
Interactions between External Stimuli and Ongoing Spontaneous Activity: Facilitation versus Competition......Page p0762.djvu
Competition between Sensory Stimuli for Access to Consciousness: Looking for Objective Records of Subjective Perception......Page p0764.djvu
Preconscious States of Activity......Page p0766.djvu
Performance of an Effortful Deduction Task: The Stroop Task......Page p0767.djvu
Animal and Human Consciousness......Page p0770.djvu
Minimal Consciousness in Mice and Rats......Page p0771.djvu
The Neuronal Workspace and Human Pathologies......Page p0773.djvu
References......Page p0774.djvu
Volume 2 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY OF MEMORY......Page p0780.djvu
Contents......Page p0784.djvu
Contributors to Volume 2......Page p0788.djvu
Cognitive Approaches to Memory......Page p0794.djvu
Organization of the Volume......Page p0795.djvu
References......Page p0797.djvu
Varieties of Memory......Page p0800.djvu
Cherry’s Dichotic Listening Studies......Page p0802.djvu
The Filter Model and the Debate between Early and Late Selection Theories......Page p0803.djvu
Working Memory and Attention......Page p0805.djvu
Attention and Encoding......Page p0807.djvu
Attention and Retrieval......Page p0809.djvu
Attention and Implicit Memory......Page p0810.djvu
Attention and Procedural Learning......Page p0811.djvu
Concluding Comments......Page p0812.djvu
References......Page p0813.djvu
Introduction......Page p0816.djvu
Memory for Stimuli As Opposed to Ideas......Page p0817.djvu
Memory Even for Unattended Stimuli......Page p0818.djvu
Understanding Qualia and Consciousness......Page p0819.djvu
Eliminating Contamination from Nonsensory Aspects of Cognition......Page p0820.djvu
Partial-Report Procedures......Page p0821.djvu
Two Phases of Sensory Memory with Different Rates of Decay......Page p0822.djvu
Comments on the Future of Research on Sensory Memory......Page p0823.djvu
References......Page p0824.djvu
Introduction......Page p0826.djvu
The Phonological Loop......Page p0827.djvu
Empirical phenomena......Page p0828.djvu
A computational model of the phonological loop......Page p0829.djvu
The phonological loop and language......Page p0830.djvu
Theory and empirical phenomena......Page p0832.djvu
The supervisory attentional system......Page p0834.djvu
Complex memory span......Page p0835.djvu
The Episodic Buffer......Page p0836.djvu
Attentional based models......Page p0838.djvu
The resource-sharing model......Page p0839.djvu
Overview......Page p0840.djvu
References......Page p0841.djvu
Tasks......Page p0846.djvu
Results......Page p0847.djvu
Associative chaining......Page p0850.djvu
Perturbation model......Page p0852.djvu
Primacy model......Page p0853.djvu
OSCAR......Page p0854.djvu
Acknowledgments......Page p0855.djvu
References......Page p0856.djvu
Repetition and Spacing Effects......Page p0858.djvu
Continuity, Discontinuity, and Repetition......Page p0859.djvu
Judgments of Recency......Page p0860.djvu
Judgments of Frequency......Page p0861.djvu
Effects of repetition on nonrepeated items......Page p0862.djvu
Superadditive effects of repetition on memory......Page p0863.djvu
Spacing Effects in Memory......Page p0864.djvu
Deficient-Processing Accounts......Page p0865.djvu
Encoding-Variability Accounts......Page p0866.djvu
Multiprocess Accounts......Page p0867.djvu
Conclusion......Page p0868.djvu
References......Page p0869.djvu
Coding Processes......Page p0872.djvu
The Function of a Code in Psychological Theory......Page p0873.djvu
Transfer Paradigms......Page p0874.djvu
Retrieval Cuing......Page p0875.djvu
Materials Effects......Page p0876.djvu
Decision Time......Page p0877.djvu
Orienting Tasks......Page p0878.djvu
Neural Indices of the Code......Page p0879.djvu
Intent to Remember......Page p0881.djvu
Types of Processing......Page p0882.djvu
Self-generation......Page p0883.djvu
Distinctive processing......Page p0884.djvu
Prior Knowledge......Page p0885.djvu
The Structural Metaphor......Page p0886.djvu
Working memory......Page p0887.djvu
Memory systems......Page p0888.djvu
Process Metaphor......Page p0889.djvu
Data-driven and conceptually driven processing......Page p0890.djvu
Summary of Process Metaphor......Page p0891.djvu
Summary of Coding Processes......Page p0892.djvu
References......Page p0893.djvu
Introduction to Imagery and Definitions of Mental Imagery......Page p0896.djvu
Debate on the Nature of Representations......Page p0897.djvu
Perceptual and Conceptual Representations: Visual Traces and Generated Images......Page p0898.djvu
Different Kinds of Mental Images......Page p0899.djvu
General, Specific, Contextual, and Episodic-Autobiographical Images......Page p0900.djvu
Paivio’s Dual-Code Theory......Page p0901.djvu
Kosslyn’s Visual Buffer......Page p0902.djvu
The Visuospatial Working Memory Approach......Page p0903.djvu
Paradigms in the Study of Mental Imagery and Memory......Page p0905.djvu
Cognitive Paradigms of Mental Imagery Processes......Page p0906.djvu
Neural Implications......Page p0908.djvu
Imagery Value......Page p0909.djvu
Educational and Other Applied Implications......Page p0910.djvu
References......Page p0914.djvu
Introduction......Page p0918.djvu
Organizing Principles......Page p0919.djvu
Organizational Theories......Page p0920.djvu
Representational Theories......Page p0921.djvu
Affective Response Theories......Page p0922.djvu
Hybrid Theories......Page p0923.djvu
von Restorff’s Original Work......Page p0924.djvu
The Humor Effect......Page p0925.djvu
The Word Frequency Effect......Page p0926.djvu
The Word Length Effect......Page p0927.djvu
The Picture Superiority Effect......Page p0928.djvu
False Memory and the Distinctiveness Heuristic......Page p0929.djvu
The Modality Effect......Page p0930.djvu
Emotional Words......Page p0931.djvu
Summary and Conclusions......Page p0932.djvu
References......Page p0934.djvu
Mnemonic Processes......Page p0938.djvu
Mental Imagery......Page p0939.djvu
The Method of Loci......Page p0940.djvu
The Peg-Word Method......Page p0941.djvu
The Keyword Method......Page p0942.djvu
Categorical and Schematic Organization......Page p0943.djvu
Summary of Mnemonics and Mnemonic Processes......Page p0944.djvu
Practical Issues......Page p0945.djvu
References......Page p0946.djvu
Introduction......Page p0950.djvu
Environmental Shape......Page p0951.djvu
Microgenesis of Spatial Knowledge......Page p0952.djvu
Hierarchical......Page p0953.djvu
Spatial Reference Systems......Page p0955.djvu
Navigation and Spatial Updating......Page p0957.djvu
Models of Spatial Memory and Navigation......Page p0960.djvu
How Children Use Objects and Landmarks......Page p0961.djvu
Cognitive Neuroscience of Spatial Memory......Page p0963.djvu
Summary and Prospectus......Page p0965.djvu
References......Page p0966.djvu
Forgetting and Its Adaptive Value......Page p0972.djvu
The Characteristics of Forgetting......Page p0973.djvu
Forgetting’s Mathematical Form......Page p0974.djvu
Determinants of Forgetting Rates......Page p0975.djvu
Decay......Page p0976.djvu
Interference: Trace Degradation......Page p0977.djvu
Interference: Cue Impairment......Page p0978.djvu
Cue Availability......Page p0980.djvu
Retrieval-Induced Inhibition......Page p0982.djvu
Motivated Forgetting......Page p0983.djvu
Conclusions......Page p0984.djvu
References......Page p0985.djvu
Retrieval Competition......Page p0988.djvu
Inhibitory Mechanisms......Page p0989.djvu
The mixed-list paradigm......Page p0991.djvu
Relearning and interference paradigms......Page p0993.djvu
Retrieval-practice paradigm......Page p0994.djvu
Directed Forgetting......Page p0997.djvu
List-method directed forgetting......Page p0998.djvu
Item-method directed forgetting......Page p1000.djvu
Think/No-Think Impairment......Page p1001.djvu
Beneficial and detrimental effects of cuing......Page p1003.djvu
Retrieval-induced forgetting......Page p1005.djvu
Directed forgetting......Page p1006.djvu
Conclusions......Page p1008.djvu
References......Page p1010.djvu
False Memories......Page p1014.djvu
False Memory for Words: The Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm......Page p1015.djvu
Eyewitness Suggestibility: The Misinformation Paradigm......Page p1018.djvu
Verbal Overshadowing......Page p1020.djvu
Misattributions of Familiarity......Page p1021.djvu
Imagination Inflation......Page p1023.djvu
Implanted Autobiographical Memories......Page p1025.djvu
Connections Across False Memory Paradigms......Page p1027.djvu
Conclusions......Page p1028.djvu
References......Page p1029.djvu
Memory in and about Affect......Page p1032.djvu
Memory in Affect......Page p1033.djvu
Affect Priming and Affect-as-Information......Page p1034.djvu
Processing Consequences of Affect......Page p1035.djvu
Cognitive Benefits of Mild Dysphoria for Eyewitness Memory......Page p1036.djvu
Mood Congruence and the Affect Infusion Model......Page p1037.djvu
Mood congruence in memory......Page p1038.djvu
Mood congruence in self-judgments......Page p1039.djvu
Mood congruence in person perception......Page p1040.djvu
Strengths and Shortcomings of the Affect Infusion Model......Page p1041.djvu
Memory about Affect......Page p1042.djvu
Remembering and Forgetting Trauma......Page p1043.djvu
False and Recovered Memories......Page p1044.djvu
Underestimation of Prior Remembering......Page p1045.djvu
Discovered or False Memories?......Page p1046.djvu
Corroborative Evidence of Abuse......Page p1047.djvu
Affect priming......Page p1048.djvu
Affect-as-information......Page p1049.djvu
References......Page p1050.djvu
Retrieval Processes in Memory......Page p1054.djvu
Task Differences - The Role of Retrieval Cues......Page p1055.djvu
The Encoding Specificity Principle......Page p1056.djvu
Place-dependent memory......Page p1057.djvu
Mood-dependent memory......Page p1058.djvu
The Transfer-Appropriate Processing Framework......Page p1060.djvu
Explicit versus Implicit Memory......Page p1061.djvu
Remembering and Knowing......Page p1063.djvu
Repeated Retrieval......Page p1064.djvu
Retrieval in a Social Context......Page p1068.djvu
Retrieval Errors and Other Retrieval Phenomena......Page p1071.djvu
References......Page p1073.djvu
Introduction......Page p1078.djvu
The Paradigm......Page p1079.djvu
The Objectivity of Subjective Experiences of Consciousness......Page p1080.djvu
Experimental Manipulations......Page p1081.djvu
Special Populations......Page p1082.djvu
Episodic and Semantic Memory Systems......Page p1083.djvu
Recollection and familiarity......Page p1085.djvu
Further Empirical Extensions and Theoretical Issues......Page p1086.djvu
Theoretical Evaluation......Page p1094.djvu
References......Page p1095.djvu
Processes Involved in Remembering......Page p1100.djvu
Retrieval Cues and Retrieval-Encoding Interactions......Page p1101.djvu
A Schematic Framework......Page p1102.djvu
Deciding Whether to Initiate or Forgo a Memory Search......Page p1103.djvu
Choosing a Search Strategy......Page p1104.djvu
Specifying the Initial Context of Search and Generating Internal Retrieval Cues......Page p1105.djvu
Evaluating the Correctness of Retrieved Information......Page p1107.djvu
Inhibiting Wrong/Irrelevant Information......Page p1109.djvu
Deciding Whether or Not to Report an Answer......Page p1110.djvu
Deciding on the Grain Size of the Reported Answer......Page p1112.djvu
References......Page p1113.djvu
Source Monitoring......Page p1118.djvu
Underlying Assumptions Regarding Basic Mechanisms of Memory......Page p1119.djvu
Johnson and Raye’s Reality Monitoring Model......Page p1120.djvu
Basic Mechanisms......Page p1121.djvu
Measures of Source Monitoring......Page p1124.djvu
Temporal Source Monitoring......Page p1125.djvu
Affect and Source Monitoring......Page p1126.djvu
Developmental Changes in Children’s Source Monitoring......Page p1127.djvu
The Neuroscience of Source Monitoring......Page p1128.djvu
Dual-Process Models of Recognition Memory and the Remember/Know Distinction......Page p1129.djvu
The Eyewitness Misinformation Effect......Page p1130.djvu
Other Fluency-Based False Memories......Page p1131.djvu
The Knew-It-All-Along Effect......Page p1132.djvu
The Mere Exposure Effect......Page p1133.djvu
Interpersonal Source Monitoring......Page p1134.djvu
Falsifiability......Page p1135.djvu
References......Page p1136.djvu
Metamemory......Page p1142.djvu
Domain and cue familiarity......Page p1144.djvu
Tip-of-the-Tongue States......Page p1145.djvu
Blocking......Page p1146.djvu
Judgments of Learning......Page p1147.djvu
Self-fulfilling prophecy hypothesis......Page p1148.djvu
Status of theories for the delayed-judgment-of-learning effect......Page p1149.djvu
Theories of the underconfidence-with-practice effect......Page p1150.djvu
Function of judgments of learning......Page p1151.djvu
Remember/Know Judgments......Page p1152.djvu
References......Page p1153.djvu
Challenges of Déjà Vu Research......Page p1156.djvu
Prospective Surveys......Page p1157.djvu
Physical and Psychological Variables Related to Déjà Vu......Page p1158.djvu
Physiopathology and Déjà Vu......Page p1160.djvu
Neurological Explanations......Page p1161.djvu
Implicit Memory Explanations......Page p1162.djvu
Double Perception Explanations......Page p1164.djvu
References......Page p1165.djvu
Tip of the Tongue Experience......Page p1170.djvu
Eliciting and Measuring TOTs......Page p1171.djvu
Priming......Page p1172.djvu
Partial Target Word Information......Page p1173.djvu
Resolution Probability......Page p1174.djvu
Resolution through Cueing......Page p1175.djvu
Inferential Explanations......Page p1176.djvu
Age......Page p1177.djvu
References......Page p1178.djvu
What Is an ROC?......Page p1182.djvu
Why Bother with ROCs?......Page p1184.djvu
High-Threshold Model......Page p1185.djvu
High-Low Threshold Model......Page p1186.djvu
Evaluation......Page p1188.djvu
Signal Detection Models......Page p1189.djvu
Unequal-Variance Signal Detection Model......Page p1191.djvu
Two-Dimensional Signal Detection Model......Page p1192.djvu
Sum-Difference Theory of Remembering and Knowing......Page p1193.djvu
Evaluation......Page p1194.djvu
Dual-Process Signal Detection Model......Page p1197.djvu
Variable-Recollection Dual-Process Model......Page p1200.djvu
Some-or-None Model......Page p1201.djvu
Mixture Model......Page p1202.djvu
Evaluation......Page p1203.djvu
Alternative Theoretical Frameworks......Page p1205.djvu
References......Page p1207.djvu
Introduction......Page p1210.djvu
Item Recognition for Subspan Lists......Page p1211.djvu
The Extralist Feature Effect......Page p1215.djvu
Item Recognition for Supraspan Lists......Page p1216.djvu
Regularities of Item Recognition......Page p1217.djvu
Dual-Process Views of Recognition......Page p1219.djvu
Judgments of Event Frequency......Page p1220.djvu
Associative Recognition......Page p1222.djvu
Cued Recall......Page p1223.djvu
A Comparison of Item versus Associative Recognition and Cued Recall......Page p1224.djvu
Analyses of Interresponse Times in Free Recall......Page p1225.djvu
The Search of Associative Memory Model......Page p1227.djvu
The Search Set......Page p1228.djvu
Serial Recall......Page p1229.djvu
Defining the Search Set......Page p1231.djvu
Contradiction and Knowing Not......Page p1232.djvu
Temporal Dynamics and Models of Memory......Page p1233.djvu
References......Page p1234.djvu
Introduction......Page p1238.djvu
The ACT Model......Page p1241.djvu
The SAM Model and Related Models......Page p1246.djvu
The REM Model......Page p1249.djvu
Neural Network Approaches......Page p1252.djvu
Models for Serial Order Memory......Page p1255.djvu
Concluding Remarks......Page p1256.djvu
References......Page p1257.djvu
Associative Retrieval Processes in Episodic Memory......Page p1260.djvu
Association and Context......Page p1261.djvu
Associative Processes in Free Recall......Page p1262.djvu
Retrieval Dynamics in Free Recall......Page p1263.djvu
Normal Aging Affects Contiguity but Not Recency......Page p1265.djvu
Long-Range Interitem Associations......Page p1267.djvu
Memory Errors Reveal Associative Processes......Page p1268.djvu
Intrusions in Serial and Probed Recall......Page p1269.djvu
Intrusions in Paired-Associate Recall......Page p1270.djvu
Associative Processes in Item Recognition......Page p1272.djvu
Theories of Episodic Association......Page p1273.djvu
Chaining Theory......Page p1274.djvu
Working Memory Buffers and Dual Store Theory......Page p1276.djvu
Hierarchical Association Theory......Page p1277.djvu
Contextual Retrieval Theory......Page p1278.djvu
Conclusions and Open Questions......Page p1279.djvu
References......Page p1280.djvu
A Taxonomic Distinction: Episodic and Semantic Memory......Page p1284.djvu
Subjective Awareness......Page p1285.djvu
Retrieval Mode......Page p1287.djvu
The Episodic Memory System......Page p1288.djvu
Converging Evidence for the Episodic Memory System......Page p1289.djvu
Neuropsychology......Page p1290.djvu
Functional Neuroimaging......Page p1291.djvu
Development of Episodic Memory: The Magic Number 4±1......Page p1293.djvu
Episodic Memory and Mental Time Travel......Page p1294.djvu
Functional Neuroimaging......Page p1295.djvu
Is Episodic Memory Uniquely Human?......Page p1297.djvu
References......Page p1299.djvu
Semantic Memory......Page p1304.djvu
Network Approaches......Page p1305.djvu
Feature Analytic Approaches......Page p1309.djvu
Concept Learning and Categorization......Page p1311.djvu
Grounding Semantics in Analyses of Large-Scale Databases......Page p1313.djvu
Grounding Semantics in Perceptual Motor Systems......Page p1314.djvu
Measuring Semantic Representations and Processes: Insights from Semantic Priming Studies......Page p1315.djvu
The Interplay Between Semantics and Episodic Memory......Page p1318.djvu
Category-Specific Deficits......Page p1320.djvu
Semantic Dementia......Page p1321.djvu
Neuroimaging......Page p1322.djvu
References......Page p1324.djvu
Introduction......Page p1328.djvu
Understanding and explanation......Page p1329.djvu
Prototype view......Page p1330.djvu
Exemplar view......Page p1332.djvu
Combined Models......Page p1333.djvu
Beyond Classification and Featural Representations......Page p1334.djvu
Category Learning Beyond Classification......Page p1335.djvu
The Rational Model of categorization......Page p1337.djvu
SUSTAIN......Page p1338.djvu
Relational information......Page p1339.djvu
Knowledge......Page p1340.djvu
Directions for Providing Integration......Page p1341.djvu
Problem Solving......Page p1342.djvu
Problem solving and category learning......Page p1343.djvu
Language......Page p1344.djvu
Categorization and cognitive individuation......Page p1345.djvu
References......Page p1346.djvu
What Is Language, and What Makes It a Unique Learning Problem?......Page p1350.djvu
Why Is Language Hard to Learn?......Page p1351.djvu
The Context of Language-Learning ‘in the Wild’......Page p1352.djvu
Are There Critical Periods for Learning?......Page p1353.djvu
Summary......Page p1354.djvu
What categories are infants prepared to learn? Insights from signed languages......Page p1355.djvu
What do infants know about words?......Page p1356.djvu
Beyond Words: Learning Phrase Structure and Lexical-Syntactic Categories......Page p1357.djvu
New Math: Populating the Lexicon......Page p1358.djvu
Inferring the Meaning Behind the Words......Page p1359.djvu
Combinatorial Explosion: Putting Words Together......Page p1360.djvu
Learning the Nuances......Page p1362.djvu
Learning the nuances: reference, pragmatics, and implicature......Page p1363.djvu
Becoming an expert language user......Page p1364.djvu
Conclusions......Page p1365.djvu
References......Page p1366.djvu
Introduction......Page p1372.djvu
Goals and Structure of the Chapter......Page p1373.djvu
Transfer Theories at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century......Page p1374.djvu
Serial Learning Analysis......Page p1375.djvu
One-component models......Page p1376.djvu
Transfer and Expertise: Effects of First-Task Practice on Transfer of Paired-Associate Learning......Page p1378.djvu
Johnson’s Coding Theory......Page p1379.djvu
An Overview of Production-System Models......Page p1381.djvu
Kieras, Polson, and Bovair’s Theory of Transfer......Page p1382.djvu
Singley and Anderson’s Theory of Transfer......Page p1383.djvu
The Doctrine of Formal Discipline Revisited......Page p1385.djvu
Summary and Concluding Remarks......Page p1387.djvu
References......Page p1388.djvu
Implicit Learning......Page p1390.djvu
Learning Rules......Page p1391.djvu
The Instance-Based or Episodic Account......Page p1392.djvu
The Sensitivity to Statistical Regularities......Page p1393.djvu
The Phenomenon of Transfer: The Data......Page p1394.djvu
Explicit inferences during the test?......Page p1395.djvu
Disentangling rules and abstraction......Page p1396.djvu
A Provisional Conclusion......Page p1397.djvu
Adjacent and nonadjacent dependencies......Page p1398.djvu
Does learning depend on materials?......Page p1399.djvu
Computing statistics?......Page p1400.djvu
Are statistical computations a necessary prerequisite?......Page p1401.djvu
Is attention necessary?......Page p1402.djvu
The Shanks and St. John sensitivity criterion......Page p1403.djvu
An intractable issue?......Page p1404.djvu
The lack of control......Page p1405.djvu
Processing Fluency and Conscious Experience......Page p1406.djvu
Summary and Discussion......Page p1407.djvu
Exploiting our Knowledge about Implicit Learning......Page p1408.djvu
Discussion: About Nativism and Empiricism......Page p1409.djvu
References......Page p1410.djvu
Introduction......Page p1416.djvu
Influences of Explicit Versus Implicit Memory......Page p1417.djvu
Priming: Automatic/Independent of Attention?......Page p1419.djvu
Priming: Modulated by Attention......Page p1420.djvu
Neural Mechanisms of Top-Down Attentional Modulation......Page p1422.djvu
Stimulus Specificity......Page p1423.djvu
Response Specificity......Page p1425.djvu
Negative Priming......Page p1427.djvu
Familiar Versus Unfamiliar Stimuli......Page p1428.djvu
Sensitivity Versus Bias......Page p1429.djvu
Correlations between Behavioral and Neural Priming......Page p1430.djvu
Summary and Conclusions......Page p1433.djvu
References......Page p1434.djvu
Introduction and Definition of the Field......Page p1438.djvu
Motor Learning: Acquisition of Procedural Knowledge......Page p1439.djvu
Technology......Page p1440.djvu
Two Important Papers......Page p1441.djvu
Adams’s Theory......Page p1442.djvu
Schema Theory......Page p1443.djvu
Fast versus slow actions......Page p1444.djvu
Learning parameters versus learning programs......Page p1445.djvu
Contextual Interference......Page p1446.djvu
Action reconstruction processing......Page p1447.djvu
Meta-memory misattributions......Page p1449.djvu
Timing of knowledge results......Page p1450.djvu
Frequency of knowledge results......Page p1451.djvu
The roles of knowledge results......Page p1452.djvu
References......Page p1453.djvu
The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation......Page p1456.djvu
Stages of Sleep......Page p1457.djvu
Types of Memory......Page p1458.djvu
Visual Discrimination Learning......Page p1459.djvu
Auditory Learning......Page p1461.djvu
Motor Memory......Page p1462.djvu
Episodic Memory......Page p1466.djvu
Sleep Spindles......Page p1471.djvu
Slow Waves......Page p1472.djvu
Theta Rhythm......Page p1473.djvu
Neurohormones and Neurotransmitters......Page p1474.djvu
References......Page p1475.djvu
Paradox of Infant Memory......Page p1480.djvu
Historical Perspectives......Page p1481.djvu
Visual Recognition Memory......Page p1482.djvu
Operant Conditioning......Page p1483.djvu
Deferred Imitation......Page p1486.djvu
Reminders......Page p1487.djvu
Reactivation......Page p1488.djvu
Reinstatement......Page p1490.djvu
Accessibility......Page p1492.djvu
Context......Page p1494.djvu
Latent Learning......Page p1495.djvu
Spacing Effects......Page p1497.djvu
Implicit and Explicit Memory......Page p1500.djvu
Infantile Amnesia......Page p1501.djvu
Conclusions......Page p1502.djvu
References......Page p1503.djvu
The Development of Skilled Remembering in Children......Page p1508.djvu
Estimates of Long-Term Retention......Page p1510.djvu
Imitation-based paradigms......Page p1511.djvu
Bridges to Verbally Based Remembering......Page p1513.djvu
Memory for salient events......Page p1515.djvu
The Role of Knowledge......Page p1516.djvu
Prior knowledge......Page p1517.djvu
Changes in knowledge......Page p1518.djvu
Parental reminiscing styles......Page p1519.djvu
Conversation during events......Page p1520.djvu
Learning to Be Strategic......Page p1522.djvu
Rehearsal and Organizational Strategies in the Elementary School Years......Page p1524.djvu
Context Specificity in Strategy Development......Page p1525.djvu
Prior knowledge......Page p1527.djvu
Metamemory......Page p1528.djvu
Schooling......Page p1529.djvu
Exploring the Development of Memory......Page p1530.djvu
References......Page p1532.djvu
Developmental Disorders of Learning: What Do They Actually Mean?......Page p1538.djvu
The Concept of Learning Disabilities......Page p1539.djvu
History......Page p1540.djvu
Epidemiology......Page p1541.djvu
Presentation and Diagnoses......Page p1543.djvu
Etiology......Page p1545.djvu
Relevant Theoretical Models and Considerations......Page p1546.djvu
Manifestation and Life Course......Page p1547.djvu
Treatment, Remediation, Intervention, and Prevention......Page p1548.djvu
References......Page p1549.djvu
Autism: Classification and Description......Page p1552.djvu
History and Background: Accounts of Autistic Learning......Page p1553.djvu
Learning in the Autism Intervention Research......Page p1555.djvu
Applied Behavior Analysis and Autistic Learning......Page p1556.djvu
Autistic Learning in the Cognitive and Savant Literatures......Page p1558.djvu
References......Page p1561.djvu
Introduction......Page p1566.djvu
Separate but Equal......Page p1567.djvu
A Crucible for Theory Testing!......Page p1568.djvu
The Psychometric Approach to Memory......Page p1569.djvu
Higher-stratum memory factors......Page p1570.djvu
A distinction between STM and WM......Page p1571.djvu
A distinction between STM and WM?......Page p1572.djvu
Individual-by-Treatment Interactions in Memory......Page p1573.djvu
Individual-by-Treatment Interactions within WM Span Tasks......Page p1574.djvu
Individual-by-Treatment Interactions in the Effects of WM on Other Tasks......Page p1575.djvu
References......Page p1576.djvu
Aging and Memory......Page p1580.djvu
Empirical Findings......Page p1581.djvu
Short-Term and Working Memory......Page p1583.djvu
Long-Term Memory: Semantic Versus Episodic Memory......Page p1584.djvu
Intentional versus incidental learning......Page p1585.djvu
Episodic memory support by semantic memory......Page p1586.djvu
Test type......Page p1587.djvu
Recollection and familiarity......Page p1588.djvu
False memory......Page p1589.djvu
Prospective memory......Page p1590.djvu
Attentional resource limitations......Page p1591.djvu
Capacity (working memory) limitations......Page p1593.djvu
Associative-binding deficit approach......Page p1594.djvu
An Integrated View......Page p1595.djvu
Positive Modulators of Older Adults’ Episodic Memory Performance......Page p1597.djvu
Summary......Page p1598.djvu
References......Page p1599.djvu
Superior Memory of Mnemonists and Experts in Various Domains......Page p1602.djvu
Brief Historical Background......Page p1603.djvu
The Role of Meaningful Associations in Superior Memory Performance......Page p1605.djvu
Acquisition of Exceptional Memory through Practice and Training......Page p1607.djvu
Superior Memory of Experts and Their Superior Performance on Representative Tasks......Page p1608.djvu
References......Page p1609.djvu
2.43 Cognition, Memory, and Education......Page p1612.djvu
2.43.1 Is Rereading an Effective Way\rto Learn?......Page p1613.djvu
2.43.2 Improving Learning and Retention in Education: Elaborative Processing......Page p1614.djvu
2.43.3 The Paradox of Difficulty: Its\rDesirability for Learning and Retention......Page p1620.djvu
2.43.4 A Contextualistic Framework\rof Desirable Difficulty......Page p1625.djvu
2.43.5 Comprehension......Page p1629.djvu
2.43.6 Using Testing to Enhance\rLearning......Page p1632.djvu
References......Page p1634.djvu
Eyewitness Identification......Page p1638.djvu
Breadth of Research on Eyewitness Memory......Page p1639.djvu
Exposure Time......Page p1641.djvu
Own-Race Bias......Page p1642.djvu
Stress Experienced by the Eyewitness......Page p1643.djvu
Weapon Focus......Page p1644.djvu
Eyewitness Confidence......Page p1645.djvu
The Application of Estimator Variables: Expert Testimony......Page p1646.djvu
Blind Administration of Lineups......Page p1647.djvu
Filler Selection......Page p1648.djvu
Lineup Presentation......Page p1649.djvu
Postidentification Feedback......Page p1651.djvu
General Conclusions......Page p1653.djvu
References......Page p1654.djvu
The Importance of Prospective Memory in Everyday Life......Page p1660.djvu
Nonlaboratory Paradigms......Page p1662.djvu
Laboratory Paradigms......Page p1663.djvu
Event-Based Prospective Memory......Page p1664.djvu
Retrieval of Prospective Memories: Retrieval Without an Explicit Request to Remember......Page p1665.djvu
Spontaneous Retrieval Theory......Page p1666.djvu
Multiprocess Theory......Page p1668.djvu
Storage of Prospective Memories: Do They Enjoy a Privileged Status in Memory?......Page p1670.djvu
Associative Encoding......Page p1671.djvu
Similarities and Differences Between Prospective and Retrospective Memory......Page p1673.djvu
Development and Prospective Memory......Page p1674.djvu
Prospective Memory in Children......Page p1675.djvu
Prospective Memory in Older Adults......Page p1676.djvu
Neuropsychology......Page p1677.djvu
Functional Neuroimaging......Page p1678.djvu
Electrophysiology......Page p1679.djvu
References......Page p1681.djvu
A Brief Biography of Autobiographical Memory Research......Page p1686.djvu
The Representation of Autobiographical Knowledge in Long-Term Memory......Page p1688.djvu
Episodic Memory......Page p1692.djvu
Self-Defining Memories......Page p1694.djvu
Self-Images......Page p1695.djvu
The Life Span Distribution of Autobiographical Memories......Page p1696.djvu
References......Page p1699.djvu
Social Memory Processes......Page p1704.djvu
The Effects of the Present on Recall......Page p1705.djvu
A Consistency Bias in Recall......Page p1706.djvu
Motivated Recall......Page p1707.djvu
The Perception of Self-Improvement......Page p1709.djvu
Mistaking Change in Self for Change in the World......Page p1710.djvu
Subjective Time......Page p1711.djvu
Collaborative Memory......Page p1712.djvu
Controlling and Transmitting Memories......Page p1714.djvu
References......Page p1716.djvu
Collective Memory......Page p1720.djvu
Collective Memory as Social Framing......Page p1721.djvu
Collective Memory in the Social Construction of Groups......Page p1722.djvu
Collective Memory as Semiotic Distribution......Page p1726.djvu
References......Page p1730.djvu
Volume 3 MEMORY SYSTEMS......Page p1733.djvu
Contents......Page p1737.djvu
Contributors to Volume 3......Page p1739.djvu
Early Ideas About Multiple Forms of Memory......Page p1743.djvu
The Cognitive Neuroscience Revolution......Page p1744.djvu
The Declarative Memory System......Page p1747.djvu
The Cerebral Cortex and Memory......Page p1748.djvu
Emotional Memory and Modulation of Memory......Page p1749.djvu
References......Page p1750.djvu
Multiple Memory Systems in the Brain: Cooperation and Competition......Page p1751.djvu
Introduction......Page p1752.djvu
Stimulus-stimulus (S-S) associations......Page p1753.djvu
Reinforcers......Page p1754.djvu
HM and the Function of the Hippocampus......Page p1755.djvu
Contextual Retrieval......Page p1756.djvu
Spatial Learning......Page p1757.djvu
Declarative versus Procedural Memory......Page p1758.djvu
Win-shift task - hippocampus-based S-S memory......Page p1759.djvu
Win-stay task - caudate-based S-R memory......Page p1760.djvu
Dissociation by reinforcer devaluation......Page p1761.djvu
Systems Concept......Page p1763.djvu
Systems are internally specialized......Page p1764.djvu
Information Processing and Memory......Page p1765.djvu
Competition on the cross maze......Page p1766.djvu
Dissociations in measures of neural function......Page p1767.djvu
Competition in the water maze......Page p1769.djvu
Involvement of synaptic functions......Page p1770.djvu
Spatial learning......Page p1772.djvu
Probabilistic classification......Page p1773.djvu
S-S versus S-Rf Information Processing......Page p1774.djvu
CCP with spatial cues......Page p1775.djvu
Path integration versus visual cue conditioning......Page p1776.djvu
Fear conditioning......Page p1777.djvu
Conditioned preference......Page p1779.djvu
Summary......Page p1780.djvu
Summary and Some Outstanding Issues......Page p1781.djvu
Some Outstanding Issues......Page p1783.djvu
References......Page p1784.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1789.djvu
Location of the hippocampal system structures......Page p1792.djvu
Cross-species comparisons: Human, monkey, and rodent......Page p1793.djvu
The Postrhinal Cortex......Page p1794.djvu
The Perirhinal Cortex......Page p1795.djvu
Entorhinal Cortex......Page p1796.djvu
Presubiculum......Page p1799.djvu
The Hippocampal Formation......Page p1800.djvu
The Dentate Gyrus......Page p1801.djvu
The Hippocampus Proper......Page p1803.djvu
The Subiculum......Page p1804.djvu
The Flow of Sensory Information through the Hippocampal System......Page p1806.djvu
References......Page p1807.djvu
Introduction......Page p1809.djvu
Anatomy......Page p1810.djvu
Anterograde Amnesia......Page p1812.djvu
Remembering versus Knowing and Recollection versus Familiarity......Page p1813.djvu
Retrograde Amnesia......Page p1814.djvu
Immediate and Working Memory......Page p1815.djvu
Motor Skills and Perceptual Skills......Page p1816.djvu
Priming......Page p1817.djvu
Habit Learning......Page p1818.djvu
References......Page p1819.djvu
Memory Subtypes......Page p1821.djvu
The ERP Technique......Page p1822.djvu
Characterizing ERPs......Page p1823.djvu
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using ERPs in the Study of Human Memory......Page p1824.djvu
ERPs and Memory Encoding......Page p1825.djvu
The Dm Approach......Page p1826.djvu
Intracranial Dm Effects......Page p1828.djvu
Identifying Correlates of Recognition......Page p1829.djvu
Recollection and Source Memory......Page p1830.djvu
Postretrieval Processing......Page p1831.djvu
Recognition with Pure Familiarity......Page p1832.djvu
Using ERPs to Contrast Memory Subtypes......Page p1833.djvu
Direct Comparisons between Recollection and Perceptual Priming......Page p1834.djvu
Identification of Neural Correlates of Conceptual Priming......Page p1835.djvu
Future Contributions of ERP Studies to Memory Research......Page p1836.djvu
References......Page p1837.djvu
Introduction......Page p1841.djvu
Episodic Memory Is Not a Unitary Construct: Component Processes......Page p1842.djvu
The Frontal Lobe......Page p1843.djvu
The Parietal Lobe......Page p1845.djvu
Thalamus and the mammillary bodies......Page p1846.djvu
Relation Between Episodic Memory and Other Systems......Page p1847.djvu
Interactions Among Episodic Memory Structures......Page p1848.djvu
Summary and Future Directions......Page p1850.djvu
References......Page p1851.djvu
Introduction......Page p1855.djvu
Semantic Memory and the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System......Page p1856.djvu
Object Concepts......Page p1857.djvu
Semantic Dementia and the General Disorders of Semantic Memory......Page p1858.djvu
Models of category-specific disorders......Page p1859.djvu
Neuroimaging of Semantic Memory......Page p1860.djvu
Object Concepts as Sensorimotor Property Circuits......Page p1861.djvu
Two Case Studies in Category Representation: Animate Entities and Tools......Page p1863.djvu
Category-Related Activations in Property Regions Are the Bases of Conceptual Representations of Objects......Page p1865.djvu
Reason #2 to think that property regions are involved in conceptual-level processing: Activations in property areas occur as property inferences......Page p1866.djvu
Reason #3 to think that property regions are involved in conceptual-level processing: Retrieving information from memory depends on reactivating property regions engaged while learning that information......Page p1867.djvu
Learning about Objects by Building Property Circuits......Page p1868.djvu
References......Page p1869.djvu
Introduction to the Concept of Recognition Memory......Page p1873.djvu
Experimental Tests of Recognition Memory......Page p1874.djvu
Lesion Studies of Recognition Memory......Page p1876.djvu
Electrophysiological Studies of Recognition Memory......Page p1877.djvu
Functional Imaging Studies of Recognition Memory......Page p1878.djvu
Computational Modeling of Recognition Memory......Page p1880.djvu
References......Page p1881.djvu
The Neural Substrates of Memory: Earlier Studies......Page p1885.djvu
Why Animal Models?......Page p1887.djvu
What Is Being Modeled?......Page p1889.djvu
Delayed Nonmatch to Sample......Page p1890.djvu
Visual Paired Comparison/Spontaneous Recognition......Page p1893.djvu
Conjunctive/Relational Memory......Page p1895.djvu
Transverse Patterning......Page p1896.djvu
Role of the Temporal Cortex......Page p1897.djvu
Performance of Human Amnesics on Animal Tests of Conjunctive/Relational Memory......Page p1898.djvu
Morris Water Maze......Page p1899.djvu
Performance of Human Amnesics on Animal Tests of Spatial Memory......Page p1900.djvu
Episodic Memory......Page p1901.djvu
What We Have Learned from Animal Models......Page p1902.djvu
Summary......Page p1903.djvu
References......Page p1904.djvu
Location of Perirhinal Cortex......Page p1911.djvu
Overview of Connections......Page p1912.djvu
Overview of Functions......Page p1913.djvu
Response Characteristics......Page p1914.djvu
Evidence of Relationship to Recognition Memory......Page p1916.djvu
Generalization across Modalities and Species......Page p1918.djvu
Correlates of the Sequential Pairing of Stimuli......Page p1919.djvu
Correlates of the Simultaneous Pairing of Stimuli......Page p1920.djvu
Stimulus Identification......Page p1921.djvu
Correlates of Attention and Short-Term Memory......Page p1922.djvu
Correlates of Long-Term Memory and Learned Associations of Frequently Repeated Stimuli......Page p1923.djvu
Signaling Mechanisms Related to Paired Associate and Reward Sequence Learning......Page p1924.djvu
Theoretical Models and Plasticity Mechanisms......Page p1925.djvu
References......Page p1926.djvu
Introduction......Page p1929.djvu
Neurophysiological Plasticity in Associative Learning and Memory......Page p1930.djvu
What about Perceptual Learning?......Page p1931.djvu
The Enduring Influence of Sensorimotor Conceptions of Cortical Organization, or Campbell’s Ghost......Page p1932.djvu
Overview of Cortical Plasticity in Associative Learning: 1935-1984......Page p1934.djvu
Cortical Plasticity during Training and Its Limitations......Page p1936.djvu
The Pre-Post training trials design......Page p1937.djvu
The importance of context: Elimination of performance factors and extinction......Page p1939.djvu
Habituation......Page p1940.djvu
Conditioning......Page p1941.djvu
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1)......Page p1944.djvu
Primary Visual Cortex (V1)......Page p1945.djvu
Memory and Retrieval in Primary Sensory Cortices......Page p1946.djvu
Imagery......Page p1947.djvu
Category Learning and Concept Formation......Page p1948.djvu
Expectancy, Preparatory Set......Page p1949.djvu
Learning Strategy......Page p1950.djvu
Concerning the Direction of Plasticity......Page p1952.djvu
Implications......Page p1953.djvu
Toward a New Functional Architecture of the Cerebral Cortex......Page p1954.djvu
References......Page p1955.djvu
Introduction......Page p1961.djvu
Behavioral Aspects of Visual Priming......Page p1962.djvu
Repetition Suppression......Page p1964.djvu
Characterizing neural representations using repetition suppression......Page p1966.djvu
Repetition Enhancement......Page p1968.djvu
Evidence for a correlation between priming and repetition suppression......Page p1969.djvu
Evidence for dissociable effects of performance and repetition on the level of repetition suppression......Page p1970.djvu
Fatigue Model......Page p1972.djvu
Sharpening Model......Page p1973.djvu
Examining the relationship between RS and stimulus selectivity......Page p1974.djvu
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research......Page p1975.djvu
References......Page p1976.djvu
Evidence for the Existence of Short-Term Memory......Page p1979.djvu
Evidence from Neurology and Neuropsychology......Page p1980.djvu
From Short-Term Memory to Working Memory......Page p1981.djvu
The Central Executive......Page p1982.djvu
The Visuospatial Sketchpad......Page p1983.djvu
The Emergence of Working Memory as a Neuroscientific Concept......Page p1984.djvu
Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Working Memory......Page p1986.djvu
Visuospatial Working Memory......Page p1987.djvu
Visual Object Working Memory......Page p1991.djvu
Verbal Working Memory......Page p1992.djvu
Models of Prefrontal Organization of Working Memory......Page p1997.djvu
References......Page p1999.djvu
Anatomical Organization of the PFC......Page p2003.djvu
PFC Involvement in Working Memory: Short-Term Retention and Cognitive Control......Page p2004.djvu
Functional Imaging of Working Memory: Evidence for Functional Differentiation within PFC......Page p2005.djvu
Recollection and Familiarity in Patients with Prefrontal Lesions......Page p2007.djvu
Theoretical Accounts of Memory Deficits Following Prefrontal Lesions......Page p2008.djvu
Subsequent Memory Effects and the PFC......Page p2010.djvu
PFC Activation during LTM Retrieval......Page p2013.djvu
Laterality of PFC Activation during LTM Encoding and Retrieval......Page p2015.djvu
Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page p2016.djvu
References......Page p2017.djvu
Basal Forebrain Amnesia......Page p2023.djvu
The Basal Forebrain and Alzheimer’s Disease......Page p2024.djvu
Basal Forebrain Anatomy......Page p2025.djvu
Basal Forebrain Cell Types......Page p2027.djvu
Medial Septum/Vertical Limb of the Diagonal Band Electrophysiology and Memory......Page p2028.djvu
The Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis/Substantia Innominata Electrophysiology and Memory......Page p2029.djvu
The Medial Septum/Vertical Limb of the Diagonal Band and Memory......Page p2031.djvu
The Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis/Substantia Innominata and Memory......Page p2032.djvu
Selective Cholinergic Lesions of the Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis/Substantia Innominata: Implications for Attention, Learning, and Memory......Page p2033.djvu
The Effects of Basal Forebrain Lesions in the Nonhuman Primate......Page p2035.djvu
A Comment on Theoretical Models of Basal Forebrain Function......Page p2036.djvu
References......Page p2037.djvu
Introduction: Attention in Learning and Memory......Page p2045.djvu
Commonalities and Differences in the Organization of Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Systems......Page p2047.djvu
Acetylcholine......Page p2049.djvu
Behavioral and Cognitive Functions Deduced from Neurophysiological Recordings in the Locus Coeruleus and Basal Forebrain......Page p2050.djvu
Tonic Noradrenaline and Acetylcholine Release in Task-Performing Animals......Page p2052.djvu
Acetylcholine......Page p2053.djvu
Phasic and Tonic Prefrontal Cortical Acetylcholine Release Mediates Cue Detection......Page p2054.djvu
Necessity of Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Neurotransmission for Attention: Implications for the Definition of a Neuromodulator......Page p2056.djvu
References......Page p2057.djvu
Defining Procedural Knowledge......Page p2063.djvu
What Are Procedures?......Page p2064.djvu
What Are the Characteristics of Procedural Learning?......Page p2065.djvu
Interactions between Procedural and Declarative Memory......Page p2066.djvu
Neuropsychological Studies of Procedural Learning......Page p2067.djvu
Sequence Learning in the Serial Reaction Time Task......Page p2068.djvu
Probabilistic Classification Learning in the Weather Prediction Task......Page p2069.djvu
Artificial Grammar Learning......Page p2071.djvu
Neuroimaging Studies......Page p2072.djvu
Neuroimaging of Probabilistic Classification......Page p2073.djvu
Posttraining Disruptions of Procedural Learning Using TMS......Page p2074.djvu
Consolidation of Procedural Learning: Effects of Sleep......Page p2075.djvu
Anatomical Basis of Procedural Learning......Page p2076.djvu
Caudate and Putamen......Page p2077.djvu
Evolutionary Perspective on Procedural Memory......Page p2078.djvu
Procedural Learning and Disorders of Cognition......Page p2079.djvu
References......Page p2080.djvu
Introduction......Page p2083.djvu
Dorsal Striatum and Procedural Learning: Dissociation Lesion Experiments......Page p2084.djvu
Dorsal Striatum and Procedural Learning: Pharmacological Experiments......Page p2089.djvu
Dopamine......Page p2090.djvu
Glutamate......Page p2091.djvu
Acetylcholine......Page p2092.djvu
Procedural Learning Beyond the Dorsal Striatum: Amygdala and Stimulus-Affect Associations......Page p2093.djvu
References......Page p2094.djvu
Procedural Learning: Classical Conditioning......Page p2099.djvu
Introduction......Page p2100.djvu
The Nature of the Eyeblink Conditioned Response......Page p2101.djvu
Lesions......Page p2102.djvu
The UR pathways......Page p2103.djvu
The US pathway......Page p2104.djvu
Reversible inactivation......Page p2105.djvu
Mechanisms of Memory Storage in the Interpositus Nucleus......Page p2106.djvu
Cerebellar Cortex......Page p2107.djvu
Trace conditioning......Page p2109.djvu
Nature of Conditional Fear......Page p2110.djvu
Measures of neuronal activity......Page p2111.djvu
The CR pathway......Page p2112.djvu
Mechanisms of storage in the basolateral amygdala complex......Page p2113.djvu
Contextual fear conditioning......Page p2114.djvu
Recent versus remote fear memories......Page p2115.djvu
Conclusions......Page p2116.djvu
References......Page p2117.djvu
Introduction......Page p2125.djvu
The Adaptive Capabilities of the VOR......Page p2126.djvu
The Cerebellum and Motor Learning......Page p2127.djvu
Two Historically Influential Models of Motor Learning in the VOR......Page p2128.djvu
Changes in Neural Responses in the Adapted State: Vestibular Afferents......Page p2130.djvu
Floccular target neurons......Page p2131.djvu
Support for a Multiple-Site Hypothesis......Page p2133.djvu
Cellular Mechanisms for VOR Motor Learning in the Flocculus......Page p2134.djvu
Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Increases versus Decreases in VOR Gain......Page p2136.djvu
Stimulus-Dependent VOR Motor Learning: Behavior......Page p2137.djvu
Context-Specific Changes in VOR Gain......Page p2138.djvu
References......Page p2140.djvu
Introduction......Page p2145.djvu
Cortical Motor Areas in Nonhuman Primates......Page p2146.djvu
Cortical Motor Areas in Rodents......Page p2147.djvu
Organization of Primary Motor Cortex and Its Role in Motor Skill Learning......Page p2148.djvu
Neurophysiological Changes in M1 Associated with Motor Skill Learning......Page p2149.djvu
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Motor Skill Training in M1......Page p2150.djvu
Role of the SMA in Motor Skill Learning......Page p2151.djvu
Basic differences in physiology and anatomy of SMA/pre-SMA......Page p2152.djvu
Role of SMA/pre-SMA in learning of motor sequences......Page p2153.djvu
Role of SMA/pre-SMA in self-initiated versus externally guided movements......Page p2154.djvu
Comparative aspects of lateral premotor areas......Page p2155.djvu
Role of the ventral premotor cortex in motor control......Page p2156.djvu
Learning through observation: role of premotor cortex......Page p2157.djvu
Phases of Motor Learning and Differential Activation of Motor Structures......Page p2158.djvu
References......Page p2159.djvu
Introduction......Page p2165.djvu
Motor Cortical Representations......Page p2166.djvu
Motor Cortical Plasticity......Page p2167.djvu
Substrates for Motor Cortical Plasticity......Page p2169.djvu
Movement Practice......Page p2170.djvu
Movement Sequence Learning......Page p2172.djvu
Arbitrary Sensory-Motor Associative Learning......Page p2174.djvu
Learning Mechanisms......Page p2176.djvu
References......Page p2177.djvu
Neurophysiology of Birdsong Learning......Page p2183.djvu
Song Nomenclature......Page p2184.djvu
The importance of social context......Page p2186.djvu
General Themes......Page p2187.djvu
Sensory acquisition: born to learn......Page p2188.djvu
General themes including the role of auditory feedback......Page p2189.djvu
Syllable overproduction and attrition during sensorimotor learning......Page p2190.djvu
A changing role for sensory feedback......Page p2191.djvu
Vocal plasticity following song crystallization......Page p2192.djvu
Independent control of the two sides of the syrinx......Page p2193.djvu
The Avian Respiratory System and Temporal Control of Song......Page p2195.djvu
General Themes......Page p2196.djvu
Brainstem and spinal cord respiratory networks......Page p2197.djvu
The dawn of songbird neurobiology......Page p2198.djvu
Current overview of song system anatomy......Page p2199.djvu
Models of song patterning networks......Page p2200.djvu
LMAN plays an acute role in generating song variability......Page p2203.djvu
General themes......Page p2205.djvu
Auditory responses in the song system......Page p2206.djvu
Sources of auditory input to the song system......Page p2207.djvu
Does auditory activity in the song system encode the template?......Page p2208.djvu
Does the song system process auditory feedback and/or error signals?......Page p2209.djvu
Future Directions and Conclusions......Page p2210.djvu
References......Page p2211.djvu
Introduction......Page p2217.djvu
Behavioral Models for Exploring the Neural Substrates of Emotional Learning......Page p2218.djvu
Pavlovian Conditioning Paradigms......Page p2219.djvu
Naturalistic Conditioning Paradigms......Page p2220.djvu
Historical Perspective on Brain Mechanisms of Emotional Learning......Page p2221.djvu
Neural Mechanisms of Instrumental Avoidance Conditioning......Page p2222.djvu
Active Avoidance Conditioning......Page p2223.djvu
Passive Avoidance Conditioning......Page p2225.djvu
Neural Mechanisms of Pavlovian Fear Conditioning......Page p2226.djvu
Conditioned Freezing......Page p2227.djvu
Conditioned Suppression of Appetitive Responding......Page p2230.djvu
Conditioned Hypoalgesia......Page p2231.djvu
Cardiovascular Conditioned Responses......Page p2232.djvu
Social Defeat and Social Transmission of Fear......Page p2233.djvu
References......Page p2234.djvu
Introduction and Scope......Page p2245.djvu
Effects on cognitive behaviors - animal models......Page p2246.djvu
Effects on cognition during aging - animal models......Page p2249.djvu
Neural mechanisms......Page p2250.djvu
Humans......Page p2251.djvu
Androgens......Page p2252.djvu
Acute Exposure: Effect of Amount......Page p2253.djvu
Timing......Page p2254.djvu
Memory System......Page p2255.djvu
Oxytocin and Vasopressin......Page p2256.djvu
Summary and Conclusions......Page p2257.djvu
References......Page p2258.djvu
Introduction......Page p2263.djvu
Modulating Influences of Adrenal Stress Hormones......Page p2264.djvu
Epinephrine......Page p2265.djvu
Adrenergic-Glucocorticoid Interactions......Page p2266.djvu
Noradrenergic Influences in the BLA......Page p2268.djvu
Glucocorticoid Influences in the BLA......Page p2271.djvu
Cholinergic Influences in the BLA......Page p2272.djvu
Involvement of the Amygdala in Modulating Memory Extinction......Page p2273.djvu
BLA Interactions with the Caudate Nucleus, Hippocampus, and Nucleus Accumbens......Page p2275.djvu
BLA-Cortical Interactions in Memory Consolidation......Page p2278.djvu
Amygdala Activity and Modulation of Human Memory Consolidation......Page p2280.djvu
Memory Retrieval......Page p2282.djvu
Working Memory......Page p2284.djvu
Concluding Comments......Page p2285.djvu
References......Page p2286.djvu
Early Studies of Drug Enhancement of Learning and Memory......Page p2297.djvu
Posttraining Drug Enhancement of Memory......Page p2298.djvu
Epinephrine......Page p2299.djvu
Glucose......Page p2301.djvu
ACTH and Glucocorticoids......Page p2304.djvu
Estrogen......Page p2305.djvu
Acetylcholine......Page p2307.djvu
Norepinephrine......Page p2309.djvu
Calcium Channel Blockers......Page p2310.djvu
Intracellular Molecular Targets......Page p2311.djvu
References......Page p2312.djvu
Episodic Memory Decline and Healthy Aging ......Page p2319.djvu
Encoding......Page p2320.djvu
Encoding......Page p2321.djvu
Retrieval......Page p2322.djvu
Assumptions Regarding Brain Regions Underlying Resource and Binding Deficits......Page p2323.djvu
Brain Atrophy......Page p2324.djvu
Declining White Matter Integrity......Page p2325.djvu
Dopamine Deficits......Page p2326.djvu
Effects of Aging on PFC and MTL Activity......Page p2327.djvu
Incidental encoding studies......Page p2328.djvu
Summary......Page p2329.djvu
Recognition memory......Page p2330.djvu
Recall and context memory......Page p2331.djvu
Individual item encoding......Page p2332.djvu
Recognition memory......Page p2333.djvu
Resource Deficit Hypothesis and PFC Function......Page p2334.djvu
Binding Deficit Hypothesis and MTL Function......Page p2336.djvu
Healthy versus Pathological Aging......Page p2337.djvu
References......Page p2338.djvu
Early Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment......Page p2343.djvu
Total Brain Gray versus White Matter Macrostructural Loss......Page p2344.djvu
Total White Matter Microstructural Changes......Page p2345.djvu
Frontal lobe volume loss and aging......Page p2346.djvu
Executive Function and Frontal Lobe Aging......Page p2349.djvu
Hippocampal Aging and Memory Function......Page p2350.djvu
Alzheimer’s Disease and MCI as Cognitive Disorders......Page p2351.djvu
Regional Brain Changes......Page p2352.djvu
Temporal lobe structures......Page p2353.djvu
Longitudinal Analyses......Page p2354.djvu
White matter microstructure......Page p2355.djvu
Summary......Page p2356.djvu
References......Page p2357.djvu
Volume 4 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MEMORY......Page p2363.djvu
Contents......Page p2367.djvu
Contributors to Volume 4......Page p2371.djvu
Introduction......Page p2375.djvu
Nonassociative learning......Page p2376.djvu
Associative learning in vertebrate models......Page p2378.djvu
Part 2B: Cellular-Level Approaches......Page p2379.djvu
Genomic and postgenomic signaling......Page p2380.djvu
Plasticity of cellular structure and retrograde signaling......Page p2381.djvu
Acknowledgments......Page p2382.djvu
Introduction......Page p2385.djvu
Implicit Memory: Sensitization and Classical Conditioning of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia......Page p2386.djvu
Explicit Memory: Spatial Memory in Rodents......Page p2387.djvu
Short-Term Memory Involves Covalent Modifications of Preexisting Proteins and Short-Term Enhancement of Preexisting Synaptic Connections......Page p2389.djvu
Many Protocols Involve Pre- and Postsynaptic Mechanisms......Page p2390.djvu
Redistribution of Synaptic Components and Early Microstructural Modifications......Page p2392.djvu
Gating Signals at the Synapse: A Balance between the Activities of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases......Page p2393.djvu
Gating Signals at the Nucleus: Triggering de Novo Gene Expression......Page p2394.djvu
Local Protein Synthesis......Page p2395.djvu
Moving Back to the Synapse: Capture of Activity-Induced Gene Products......Page p2396.djvu
The Stable Strengthening of Synaptic Connections: Synaptic Growth, Silent Synapses, and Self-Maintenance Mechanisms......Page p2397.djvu
Concluding Remarks......Page p2398.djvu
References......Page p2399.djvu
Introduction......Page p2405.djvu
Aplysia Withdrawal Reflexes and Underlying Neural Circuits......Page p2406.djvu
Habituation......Page p2407.djvu
Short-term depression of Aplysia sensorimotor synapses......Page p2409.djvu
Long-term depression of Aplysia sensorimotor synapses......Page p2410.djvu
Short-term sensitization......Page p2411.djvu
Long-term sensitization......Page p2413.djvu
Other temporal domains for the memory of sensitization......Page p2415.djvu
Tritonia......Page p2416.djvu
Honeybee (Apis mellifera)......Page p2417.djvu
Leech......Page p2418.djvu
References......Page p2419.djvu
Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System......Page p2427.djvu
Olfactory Habituation......Page p2428.djvu
Behavioral Analyses of Short-Term Habituation......Page p2429.djvu
Roles of Identified Neurons in Habituation......Page p2431.djvu
Role of Genes Involved in Glutamate Neurotransmission......Page p2433.djvu
Other Identified Components of Habituation......Page p2434.djvu
Molecular Correlates of Memory for Habituation Training......Page p2435.djvu
Summary......Page p2436.djvu
References......Page p2437.djvu
Defining Pain: Acute Versus Chronic Pain......Page p2439.djvu
Chronic Pain and Synaptic Plasticity......Page p2440.djvu
Animal Models for the Study of Pain......Page p2441.djvu
Pain Transduction......Page p2442.djvu
Pain Modulation......Page p2443.djvu
Pain Sensitization......Page p2444.djvu
Peripheral Sensitization......Page p2445.djvu
Acute modification of primary sensory neurons......Page p2446.djvu
Sensitization in the Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord......Page p2447.djvu
Windup: Short-term sensitization of dorsal horn neurons......Page p2448.djvu
Spinal long-term potentiation......Page p2449.djvu
Classic central sensitization......Page p2450.djvu
Rostroventral medulla......Page p2453.djvu
Amygdala......Page p2454.djvu
Cognitive Component of Pain......Page p2457.djvu
Implications for Pain Management......Page p2459.djvu
References......Page p2461.djvu
Associative Olfactory Learning in Bees......Page p2465.djvu
US Pathway......Page p2467.djvu
Associative Conditioning: Induction of Molecular Processes Underlying Memory Formation......Page p2468.djvu
Induction of LTM: The Critical Role of the cAMP/PKA Cascade......Page p2469.djvu
Glutamate-Mediated Signaling Cascades in the Mushroom Bodies Are Involved in Memory Formation......Page p2471.djvu
Induction and Maintenance of MTM: The Ca2+-Dependent Cleavage of PKC by Calpain......Page p2472.djvu
Summary......Page p2473.djvu
References......Page p2474.djvu
Olfactory Aversive Conditioning......Page p2477.djvu
The Mushroom Bodies Are the Center of Olfactory Memory......Page p2478.djvu
The cAMP Pathway Plays a Key Role in Associative Memory......Page p2479.djvu
Mushroom Bodies and the cAMP Pathway......Page p2481.djvu
Mushroom Bodies Anatomic-Functional Maps......Page p2482.djvu
Imaging Mushroom Bodies and Antennal Lobes......Page p2483.djvu
Dorsal paired median neurons are required for consolidation......Page p2484.djvu
Atypical protein kinase M......Page p2485.djvu
Notch......Page p2486.djvu
Tequila......Page p2487.djvu
Dynamics of Memory Phases......Page p2488.djvu
References......Page p2489.djvu
Introduction......Page p2493.djvu
Pavlovian Conditioning......Page p2494.djvu
Neural Circuitry......Page p2495.djvu
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Short-, Intermediate-, and Long-Term Memory Formation......Page p2496.djvu
Long-Term Memory Following Multi-Trial Conditioning......Page p2497.djvu
Protein Kinase C......Page p2498.djvu
Memory Formation Is Ca2+-Dependent......Page p2499.djvu
Morphological Modifications in the Sensory Neurons of Conditioned Stimulus Pathway......Page p2501.djvu
Proteins Regulated by Pavlovian Conditioning......Page p2502.djvu
References......Page p2503.djvu
Reductionist and Top-Down Approaches to Studying Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory in Mollusks......Page p2507.djvu
The Roots of Top-Down Analyses of Associative Memory in Lymnaea......Page p2508.djvu
Single-trial reward conditioning......Page p2509.djvu
PKA, MAPK, and LTM after single-trial reward conditioning......Page p2512.djvu
Time windows of sensitivity of LTM to amnestic treatments after single-trial reward conditioning......Page p2513.djvu
cAMP-dependent molecular cascades and neuronal plasticity contributing to LTM after single-trial reward conditioning......Page p2514.djvu
PKA, CREB, and LTM after aversive conditioning......Page p2515.djvu
Operant Conditioning of the Suppression of Aerial Respiration......Page p2516.djvu
Single-neuronal contribution to LTM, forgetting, extinction, and reconsolidation after operant conditioning......Page p2517.djvu
Conclusions......Page p2518.djvu
References......Page p2519.djvu
Behavioral Studies......Page p2523.djvu
Neural Mechanisms of Aversive Classical Conditioning in Aplysia......Page p2524.djvu
Neural Mechanisms of Appetitive Classical Conditioning in Aplysia......Page p2525.djvu
Neural Mechanisms of Appetitive Operant Conditioning in Aplysia......Page p2527.djvu
Conclusions......Page p2528.djvu
References......Page p2529.djvu
Neural and Molecular Mechanisms of Fear Memory......Page p2531.djvu
The Neuroanatomy of Fear......Page p2532.djvu
Why is LTP Important?......Page p2533.djvu
Biochemical Mechanisms of Fear Memory Formation and Consolidation......Page p2535.djvu
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase......Page p2536.djvu
Metabotropic glutamate receptors and protein kinase C......Page p2538.djvu
L-VGCCs......Page p2539.djvu
Neurotrophin signaling......Page p2540.djvu
Transcriptional regulation and macromolecular synthesis......Page p2542.djvu
Nitric oxide signaling and fear learning......Page p2543.djvu
An Alternative View of the Amygdala and Fear Conditioning......Page p2544.djvu
Distributed Plasticity within the LA......Page p2546.djvu
Distributed Plasticity within Amygdala Nuclei......Page p2548.djvu
Summary: A Model of Fear Memory Acquisition and Consolidation in the Amygdala......Page p2550.djvu
Contextual Fear Conditioning......Page p2551.djvu
Fear Extinction......Page p2552.djvu
Retrieval and 'Reconsolidation’ of Fear Memories......Page p2554.djvu
Memory Modulation by the Amygdala......Page p2555.djvu
Instructed Fear - Using the High Road......Page p2557.djvu
References......Page p2558.djvu
Introduction......Page p2567.djvu
Researching Reward Processes: What Do We Mean by Reward and How Do We Measure It?......Page p2568.djvu
The Nucleus Accumbens......Page p2569.djvu
The prelimbic cortex......Page p2571.djvu
The orbitofrontal cortex......Page p2572.djvu
Cellular and Molecular Targets of the Dopamine-Reward System: Insights from Drug Addiction......Page p2573.djvu
The CREB and Fos Families of TFs......Page p2575.djvu
The Role of CREB and DeltaFosB in Response to Natural Rewards and Stress......Page p2578.djvu
Dynorphin in the VTA-NAc Pathway......Page p2579.djvu
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor......Page p2581.djvu
BDNF within the VTA-NAc: Reward processing and addiction......Page p2582.djvu
Molecular Changes within the PFC......Page p2583.djvu
Beyond Corticolimbic Circuitry: A Role for Hypothalamic Feeding Peptides in Reward-Related Learning?......Page p2584.djvu
Overview......Page p2585.djvu
References......Page p2586.djvu
Introduction......Page p2591.djvu
Measuring Taste Learning, Memory, and Consolidation: The Behavioral Paradigms......Page p2592.djvu
Neuroanatomy of Taste and Conditioned Taste Aversion Learning......Page p2593.djvu
Long-Term Potentiation in the Insular Cortex......Page p2595.djvu
Molecular Mechanisms of Taste Learning in the Taste Cortex......Page p2596.djvu
The Neurotransmitters in the Gustatory Cortex Involved in Taste Learning......Page p2597.djvu
The Role of Translation Regulation in Taste Memory Consolidation......Page p2600.djvu
Modulation of Specific Protein/mRNA Expression During Taste Learning and Consolidation......Page p2601.djvu
Temporal Phases in Taste Learning......Page p2603.djvu
Summary and New Directions......Page p2604.djvu
References......Page p2606.djvu
Definitions and History of Memory Reconsolidation......Page p2609.djvu
Mechanisms and Circuits of Memory Reconsolidation......Page p2610.djvu
Persistence and Duration of Amnesia Induced by Postreactivation Interference......Page p2612.djvu
Age of the Memory......Page p2613.djvu
Functions of Memory Reconsolidation......Page p2614.djvu
Clinical Applications......Page p2615.djvu
References......Page p2617.djvu
Molecular Aspects of Memory Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease......Page p2619.djvu
APP and Abeta......Page p2620.djvu
Abeta and plaques......Page p2622.djvu
Neuronal dysfunction versus neuronal death......Page p2623.djvu
BACE......Page p2624.djvu
gamma-Secretase-independent roles of presenilins......Page p2625.djvu
NFTs, neuronal death, and memory loss......Page p2626.djvu
Tangle-independent roles for tau......Page p2627.djvu
Tau phosphorylation and other posttranslational modifications......Page p2628.djvu
ApoE......Page p2629.djvu
Abeta-independent mechanisms for apoE4-induced neuronal impairments......Page p2631.djvu
Neurotransmitter Release......Page p2632.djvu
NMDA receptors......Page p2634.djvu
AMPA receptors......Page p2635.djvu
Potassium channels......Page p2637.djvu
Calcium Signaling......Page p2638.djvu
Calcium channels......Page p2639.djvu
Calcium-binding proteins......Page p2640.djvu
Intracellular stores......Page p2641.djvu
MAPKs......Page p2642.djvu
CaMKII......Page p2643.djvu
PKC......Page p2644.djvu
PKA......Page p2645.djvu
Cdk5......Page p2646.djvu
BDNF......Page p2647.djvu
Reelin......Page p2648.djvu
Arc/Arg3.1......Page p2650.djvu
Conclusions......Page p2652.djvu
References......Page p2653.djvu
Long-Term Potentiation: A Candidate Cellular Mechanism for Information Storage in the CNS......Page p2669.djvu
Hebb’s Postulate......Page p2670.djvu
The Hippocampal Circuit and Measuring Synaptic Transmission in the Hippocampal Slice......Page p2671.djvu
LTP of Synaptic Responses......Page p2674.djvu
NMDA Receptor Dependence of LTP......Page p2676.djvu
Pairing LTP......Page p2677.djvu
Dendritic Action Potentials......Page p2680.djvu
Mossy Fiber LTP in Area CA3......Page p2682.djvu
Presynaptic versus Postsynaptic Mechanisms......Page p2684.djvu
LTP Can Include an Increased Action Potential Firing Component......Page p2686.djvu
Temporal Integration Is a Key Factor in LTP Induction......Page p2689.djvu
LTP Can Be Divided into Phases......Page p2690.djvu
E-LTP and L-LTP - Types versus Phases......Page p2692.djvu
Spine Anatomy and Biochemical Compartmentalization......Page p2693.djvu
Modulation of LTP Induction......Page p2695.djvu
Depotentiation and LTD......Page p2696.djvu
Summary......Page p2698.djvu
References......Page p2699.djvu
Introduction......Page p2701.djvu
LTD of the Hippocampal Schaffer Collateral-CA1 Synapse......Page p2702.djvu
Theoretical Framework......Page p2703.djvu
Induction by Calcium......Page p2704.djvu
The Role of Calcium-Dependent Enzymatic Reactions......Page p2706.djvu
Expression Mechanisms......Page p2708.djvu
Modulation of LTD......Page p2710.djvu
Induction......Page p2711.djvu
Expression......Page p2712.djvu
Time-Sensitive Depotentiation......Page p2713.djvu
LTD of the Cerebellar Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synapse......Page p2714.djvu
Cerebellar Anatomy and Some Useful Models......Page p2715.djvu
The Role of the Cerebellum in Associative Eyeblink Conditioning......Page p2717.djvu
Potential Cellular Substrates of Associative Eyeblink Conditioning......Page p2718.djvu
Climbing Fiber Signals......Page p2719.djvu
Parallel Fiber Signals......Page p2721.djvu
Second Messengers......Page p2722.djvu
Parallel Fiber LTD Expression......Page p2723.djvu
Another Type of Cerebellar LTD: Climbing Fiber LTD......Page p2724.djvu
Interactions Between LTP and LTD at Parallel Fiber Synapses......Page p2725.djvu
Comparison of Bidirectional Plasticity at Hippocampal and Cerebellar Synapses......Page p2726.djvu
Is LTD of the Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synapse Involved in Motor Learning?......Page p2727.djvu
Conclusion......Page p2729.djvu
References......Page p2730.djvu
Introduction......Page p2741.djvu
MF-Stratum Lucidum Interneuron Synapses......Page p2742.djvu
CA3 Collateral-Stratum Radiatum Interneuron Synapses......Page p2746.djvu
CA1 Pyramidal Cell-Stratum Oriens-Alveus Interneuron Synapses......Page p2747.djvu
NMDAR-Dependent LTP at Schaffer Collateral Stratum Radiatum Interneuron Synapses......Page p2748.djvu
Activity-Dependent Long-Lasting Plasticity of GABAergic Input in the Hippocampus and Neocortex: General Considerations......Page p2749.djvu
Activity-Dependent Long-Lasting Plasticity of GABAergic Input in the Neonatal Hippocampus......Page p2750.djvu
Activity-Dependent Long-Lasting Plasticity of GABAergic Input in the Visual Cortex......Page p2752.djvu
Plasticity of GABAA Receptor Reversal Potential......Page p2753.djvu
Plasticity of GABAB Receptor-Mediated Input in the Hippocampus......Page p2754.djvu
GABAergic Plasticity and Implication for Network Functions......Page p2755.djvu
References......Page p2756.djvu
Learning Disabilities......Page p2761.djvu
Neurofibromatosis Affects Several Brain Systems and Impairs Multiple Cognitive Functions......Page p2762.djvu
Genetic Mechanisms Responsible for Neurofibromatosis......Page p2764.djvu
Animal Models of Neurofibromatosis......Page p2765.djvu
Biochemical and Physiological Functions of Neurofibromin......Page p2767.djvu
Increased GABAergic Inhibition in the Neurofibromatosis Mouse Impairs Learning and Memory......Page p2769.djvu
Increased GABAergic Activity and Learning Disabilities in Neurofibromatosis Patients......Page p2771.djvu
Balanced Inhibition and Normal Prefrontal Cortex Function......Page p2772.djvu
Parietal Cortex Dysfunction and Visuospatial Deficits in Neurofibromatosis......Page p2773.djvu
Developmental Aspects of NF1......Page p2775.djvu
Mechanism-Driven Treatment: Pharmaceutical Targets for Treatment of Neurofibromatosis......Page p2776.djvu
Implications for Other Learning Disabilities......Page p2777.djvu
References......Page p2778.djvu
Introduction......Page p2783.djvu
Structure of the NMDA Receptor......Page p2785.djvu
NMDA Receptor Regulatory Component 1: Mechanisms Upstream of the NMDA Receptor that Directly Regulate NMDA Receptor Function......Page p2787.djvu
Kinase Regulation of the NMDA Receptor......Page p2788.djvu
NMDA Receptor Regulatory Component 2: Mechanisms Upstream of the NMDA Receptor that Control Membrane Depolarization......Page p2790.djvu
A-type currents......Page p2791.djvu
Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels (and Calcium Channels?)......Page p2792.djvu
GABA Receptors......Page p2793.djvu
Cell Adhesion Molecules and the Actin Matrix......Page p2794.djvu
Postsynaptic density proteins......Page p2796.djvu
Additional direct interactions with the NMDA receptor......Page p2797.djvu
Summary......Page p2798.djvu
References......Page p2799.djvu
The Role of Calcium in Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Processing (Introduction)......Page p2801.djvu
Mechanisms of Generating a Calcium Signal......Page p2802.djvu
Calcium-activated proteins......Page p2803.djvu
Localization of the Calcium Signal......Page p2805.djvu
Synaptic calcium......Page p2807.djvu
Calcium’s effects in the nucleus......Page p2808.djvu
Mammalian genetic models of calcium in memory processing......Page p2809.djvu
Pharmacological advancements in calcium signaling during memory formation......Page p2810.djvu
Adenylyl cyclases......Page p2811.djvu
cAMP Effector Molecules......Page p2813.djvu
Synaptic and Cytoplasmic cAMP Signaling Cascades......Page p2814.djvu
cAMP in Memory Processing (Introduction)......Page p2816.djvu
Mammalian genetic models of cAMP in memory processing......Page p2818.djvu
References......Page p2819.djvu
Introduction: Protein Kinase Mzeta, a Memory Storage Molecule......Page p2823.djvu
The Discovery of Protein Kinase Mzeta, a Constitutively Active Atypical Isoform of Protein Kinase C......Page p2824.djvu
Protein Kinase Mzeta Synthesis from an Internal Promoter Within the Protein Kinase Czeta Gene......Page p2827.djvu
Regulation of Protein Kinase Mzeta Synthesis by Multiple Protein Kinases and Actin Filaments in Long-Term Potentiation Induction......Page p2828.djvu
Phosphatidylinositol-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 Forms a Complex with Protein Kinase Mzeta to Maintain Autonomous Kinase Activity in Long-Term Potentiation......Page p2829.djvu
Protein Kinase Mzeta Potentiates Synaptic Transmission by Persistently Upregulating Postsynaptic AMPAR Trafficking......Page p2830.djvu
Atypical Protein Kinase M Increases Synaptic Size......Page p2831.djvu
Protein Kinase Mzeta Maintains Late Long-Term Potentiation......Page p2832.djvu
Protein Kinase Mzeta Maintains Potentiation after Synaptic Tagging......Page p2833.djvu
Protein Kinase Mzeta Maintains Long-Term Memories in Multiple Regions of the Brain......Page p2834.djvu
Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page p2836.djvu
References......Page p2837.djvu
Introduction......Page p2843.djvu
Regulation of CaMKII: Formation of a Molecular Memory......Page p2844.djvu
Integration of Dynamic Ca2+ Signals by CaMKII......Page p2845.djvu
Synaptic Targeting of CaMKII......Page p2847.djvu
NMDA-Type Glutamate Receptor Subunits......Page p2849.djvu
Densin-180......Page p2852.djvu
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels......Page p2853.djvu
L-type calcium channels......Page p2854.djvu
Roles for CaMKII in Synaptic Plasticity......Page p2855.djvu
Higher-Order Assemblies of CaMKII Holoenzymes......Page p2856.djvu
References......Page p2857.djvu
The Prevalence of AS......Page p2863.djvu
Maternal Imprinting and AS......Page p2864.djvu
Production of the AS Mouse Model......Page p2865.djvu
Physical Similarities of AS and the Maternal Deficient Ube3a-Null Mouse......Page p2866.djvu
AS Mouse Hippocampal Physiology......Page p2867.djvu
Activation and Regulation of CaMKII......Page p2868.djvu
Regulation of CaMKII Activity in Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Formation......Page p2870.djvu
Genetic Rescue of the AS Phenotype......Page p2871.djvu
Proposed Mechanisms Underlying CaMKII Misregulation......Page p2872.djvu
References......Page p2873.djvu
Introduction......Page p2875.djvu
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Neurons......Page p2877.djvu
Essential Roles for Extracellular-Regulated Kinase in N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Long-Term Potentiation......Page p2880.djvu
Different Forms of Long-Term Depression Mediated by Extracellular-Regulated Kinase and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase at CA1 Synapses......Page p2881.djvu
Coupling of NR2A to Extracellular-Regulated Kinase and NR2B to p38 in Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression......Page p2882.djvu
A Specific Role for Extracellular-Regulated Kinase in the Protein Synthesis-Dependent Phase of Synaptic Plasticity......Page p2883.djvu
ERK Activation in Hippocampus- and Amygdala-Dependent Learning and Memory......Page p2884.djvu
Upstream Regulators of Extracellular-Regulated Kinase in Learning and Memory......Page p2885.djvu
A Specific Role for Extracellular-Regulated Kinase Activation in Memory Consolidation......Page p2886.djvu
AMPAR Trafficking......Page p2887.djvu
Transcriptional Regulation......Page p2888.djvu
Translational Regulation......Page p2890.djvu
Conclusions......Page p2891.djvu
References......Page p2892.djvu
Introduction......Page p2899.djvu
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway......Page p2900.djvu
RING Finger E3s......Page p2901.djvu
The SKP1-cullin-F-Box protein complex......Page p2902.djvu
The Catalytic 20S Core......Page p2903.djvu
Deubiquitinating Enzymes......Page p2904.djvu
Phosphorylation of the substrate......Page p2905.djvu
Allosteric modification of ubiquitin ligases......Page p2906.djvu
Regulation by Cofactors and Loosely Associated Factors......Page p2907.djvu
Regulation of the Proteasome by Induction and Phosphorylation of Subunits and Subcellular Distribution......Page p2908.djvu
Degradation R Subunits of PKA and Proteolytic Removal of a cAMP Response Element Binding Protein Repressor......Page p2909.djvu
Modulation and Essential Function of a Deubiquitinating Enzyme in Synaptic Plasticity......Page p2910.djvu
Possible Differential Role of the Proteasome in Different Compartments of Neurons......Page p2911.djvu
Presynaptic Roles of Proteolysis: Degradation of Synaptic Vesicle Proteins......Page p2912.djvu
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway and Developmental Synaptic Plasticity......Page p2913.djvu
Ubiquitination and Endocytosis......Page p2914.djvu
Endocytosis and Synaptic Function......Page p2915.djvu
References......Page p2917.djvu
Transcription Regulation of Memory: CREB, CaMKIV, Fos/Jun, CBP, and SRF......Page p2921.djvu
Altering transcription mechanisms......Page p2922.djvu
Conditioned fear memory......Page p2923.djvu
CREB......Page p2924.djvu
Effects of Manipulating CREB Function on Memory......Page p2925.djvu
Conditioned fear memory......Page p2926.djvu
Conditioned taste aversion memory......Page p2927.djvu
Spatial memory......Page p2928.djvu
Conclusion......Page p2929.djvu
Spatial memory......Page p2930.djvu
Conditioned taste aversion memory......Page p2931.djvu
Structure......Page p2932.djvu
Effects of Manipulating CBP Function on Memory......Page p2933.djvu
Effects of Manipulating SRF Function on Memory......Page p2934.djvu
Transcriptional Regulators and Memory Disorders in Humans......Page p2935.djvu
References......Page p2936.djvu
Overview of NFkappaB Signaling......Page p2941.djvu
Activation Pathways in the CNS......Page p2942.djvu
Translocation from Cytoplasm to Nucleus......Page p2947.djvu
Crustaceae......Page p2948.djvu
Vertebrates......Page p2949.djvu
Transcriptional Regulation by NFkappaB......Page p2950.djvu
Neurological Disorders with Cognitive Deficits......Page p2954.djvu
References......Page p2955.djvu
Introduction......Page p2961.djvu
Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity, Receptor Alterations, and the Process of Consolidation......Page p2962.djvu
Identification of polyribosomes at subsynaptic sites......Page p2963.djvu
mRNA Translation in Dendrites......Page p2964.djvu
Evidence that local translation at synapses is important for synaptic function......Page p2965.djvu
Are the Proteins Synthesized by Synapse-Associated Polyribosomes Targeted Selectively to an Individual Synapse or Are They Distributed More Widely?......Page p2966.djvu
Arc: A Rosetta Stone for Understanding Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity......Page p2967.djvu
Expression of Arc Following Stimulation Patterns that Lead to Long-Term Potentiation......Page p2968.djvu
Behavioral Activation of Arc Expression......Page p2969.djvu
Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for Arc Induction by Synaptic Activation and Behavior......Page p2971.djvu
Multiple rates of transport of Arc mRNA-containing granules......Page p2972.djvu
Targeting Arc mRNA to Active Synaptic Sites......Page p2973.djvu
Arc mRNA degradation......Page p2975.djvu
Localization of Arc protein in the postsynaptic density......Page p2976.djvu
Evidence That Arc Is Critical for Long-Term Synaptic Changes and Long-Term Memory......Page p2977.djvu
A Role for Arc Protein in AMPA Receptor Endocytosis......Page p2978.djvu
Arc and Synaptic Homeostasis......Page p2979.djvu
References......Page p2981.djvu
Introduction......Page p2985.djvu
LTP Induction Paradigms......Page p2986.djvu
AMPA Receptor Trafficking in LTP......Page p2987.djvu
Phosphorylation of AMPARs......Page p2988.djvu
GluR1......Page p2989.djvu
GluR1......Page p2990.djvu
GluR2......Page p2991.djvu
Adult......Page p2992.djvu
Summary......Page p2993.djvu
NMDA Receptor Trafficking in LTP......Page p2994.djvu
Tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDARs......Page p2995.djvu
Serine/threonine phosphorylation of NMDARs......Page p2996.djvu
General Trafficking Mechanisms of NMDARs......Page p2997.djvu
NMDAR Subunit Requirements for Synaptic Plasticity......Page p2998.djvu
Gaps in Our Knowledge......Page p2999.djvu
References......Page p3000.djvu
Reversibility of LTP and LTD......Page p3007.djvu
AMPA Receptor Regulation and LTP......Page p3008.djvu
AMPA Receptor Regulation and LTD......Page p3011.djvu
How Is LTP Different from LTD Reversal (Dedepression)?......Page p3014.djvu
How is LTD Different from LTP Reversal (Depotentiation)?......Page p3015.djvu
Is There a Difference between LTP Decay and LTP Reversal (Depotentiation)?......Page p3017.djvu
Concluding Remarks......Page p3018.djvu
References......Page p3019.djvu
Introduction......Page p3023.djvu
Protein Complexes Associated With the NMDAR......Page p3024.djvu
PSD-95 and regulation of small GTPases at the synapse......Page p3026.djvu
Dynamics of association of PSD-95 with the PSD......Page p3027.djvu
CaMKII......Page p3028.djvu
RasGRF1......Page p3029.djvu
Stargazin Binding to PSD-95......Page p3030.djvu
Protein Complexes Associated with the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor......Page p3031.djvu
Shank/ProSAP Scaffold of Scaffolds......Page p3032.djvu
Cortactin......Page p3034.djvu
Regulation of the Spine Actin Cytoskeleton by Signaling Complexes in the PSD......Page p3035.djvu
Kalirin......Page p3036.djvu
Reshaping the Spine Cytoskeleton Through the PAK/LIMK/Cofilin Pathway......Page p3037.djvu
Actin Dynamics and Mental Retardation......Page p3038.djvu
References......Page p3039.djvu
Introduction......Page p3049.djvu
Local Protein Synthesis and Synaptic Plasticity......Page p3050.djvu
Regulation by Phosphorylation of eIF2alpha......Page p3051.djvu
Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Consolidation by GCN2......Page p3054.djvu
Regulation by mTOR and the eIF4E-Binding Proteins......Page p3055.djvu
Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Consolidation by 4E-BPs......Page p3056.djvu
Translational Control by eIF4E Phosphorylation......Page p3057.djvu
Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Consolidation by CPEB......Page p3058.djvu
Regulation of 5’TOP Translation......Page p3059.djvu
Regulation of Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2......Page p3060.djvu
Regulation of mRNA-Binding Proteins during Synaptic Plasticity and Memory......Page p3061.djvu
Summary......Page p3062.djvu
References......Page p3063.djvu
Brief Historical Perspective......Page p3069.djvu
The Structure and Function of Dendritic Spines......Page p3070.djvu
The Development of Dendritic Spines......Page p3072.djvu
Structural Plasticity of Dendritic Spines Induced by Synaptic Activity: Homeostatic Plasticity, LTP, and LTD......Page p3073.djvu
Homeostatic Plasticity......Page p3074.djvu
Long-Term Potentiation......Page p3075.djvu
Structural Plasticity of Dendritic Spines Induced by Experience and Behavioral Learning......Page p3077.djvu
Structural Plasticity of Dendritic Spines Induced by Neuromodulators: Ovarian Hormones and Neurotrophins......Page p3078.djvu
Estradiol......Page p3079.djvu
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor......Page p3080.djvu
BDNF, MeCP2, and Dendritic Spine Pathologies in Rett Syndrome......Page p3082.djvu
References......Page p3085.djvu
Structure of Integrins......Page p3095.djvu
Expression of Integrins in the Adult Brain......Page p3096.djvu
Biochemical Signaling through Integrins......Page p3098.djvu
Integrin-Dependent Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity......Page p3100.djvu
Structure of Cadherins......Page p3103.djvu
Expression of Cadherins in the Adult Brain......Page p3104.djvu
Biochemical Signaling through Cadherins......Page p3105.djvu
Cadherin-Dependent Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity......Page p3107.djvu
Cadherins and Learning and Memory......Page p3109.djvu
References......Page p3110.djvu
Introduction......Page p3115.djvu
Neurotransmitter Release......Page p3116.djvu
Facilitation/Depression......Page p3117.djvu
CA1 LTP: Evidence for Presynaptic Locus of Expression......Page p3118.djvu
Mossy Fiber Long-Term Potentiation/Depression......Page p3119.djvu
Endocannabinoid Long-Term Depression......Page p3121.djvu
Presynaptic NMDA Receptor-Dependent Forms of Plasticity......Page p3125.djvu
Links between Short-Term Presynaptic Plasticity and Learning and Memory......Page p3129.djvu
Links between Long-Term Presynaptic Plasticity and Learning and Memory......Page p3131.djvu
RIM1alpha......Page p3133.djvu
GAP-43......Page p3135.djvu
The Future of Presynaptic Plasticity and Learning and Memory......Page p3136.djvu
References......Page p3137.djvu
Introduction......Page p3145.djvu
Regulation of Synaptic Endocannabinoid Levels......Page p3146.djvu
Neuronal CB1 Receptors Are Mainly Presynaptic......Page p3147.djvu
Depolarization-Induced Suppression of Excitation and Inhibition......Page p3148.djvu
Presynaptic Depression during Depolarization-Induced Suppression of Excitation and Inhibition......Page p3150.djvu
Short-Term Depression Induced by Activation of Metabotropic Receptors......Page p3151.djvu
Short-Term Depression Induced by Synaptic Activation......Page p3153.djvu
Physiological Roles of Depolarization-Induced Suppression of Excitation and Inhibition and Short-Term Depression......Page p3154.djvu
Homosynaptic Endocannabinoid-Dependent Long-Term Depression at Glutamatergic Synapses......Page p3155.djvu
Heterosynaptic Endocannabinoid-Dependent Long-Term Depression at Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-ergic Synapses......Page p3156.djvu
Endocannabinoid-Dependent Long-Term Depression in Neocortex......Page p3157.djvu
Endocannabinoids and Long-Term Potentiation......Page p3158.djvu
Exogenous Cannabinoid Agonists Impair Memory......Page p3159.djvu
Possible Roles of Long-Term Depression and Long-Term Potentiation in Cannabinoid and Endocannabinoid Effects on Memory......Page p3161.djvu
References......Page p3162.djvu
Introduction......Page p3167.djvu
Early Studies of the Role of Nitric Oxide in Long-Term Potentiation......Page p3168.djvu
Molecular and Functional Consequences of NO Signaling......Page p3169.djvu
Role of NO in Early Microstructural Alterations......Page p3170.djvu
Roles of NO in Other Forms of Learning-Related Synaptic Plasticity......Page p3171.djvu
References......Page p3172.djvu
Overview......Page p3177.djvu
Variations on a Theme: Action Potential Backpropagation in Different Dendrites......Page p3178.djvu
Single action potentials......Page p3179.djvu
Morphology......Page p3180.djvu
Active conductances......Page p3181.djvu
Synaptic activity......Page p3182.djvu
AP backpropagation in anaesthetized animals......Page p3183.djvu
AP backpropagation in awake animals: what should we expect?......Page p3184.djvu
Calcium spikes......Page p3185.djvu
Potential Physiological Functions......Page p3186.djvu
Induction protocols......Page p3188.djvu
Diversity of spike-timing-dependent changes in synaptic efficacy......Page p3190.djvu
Long-term potentiation......Page p3191.djvu
Long-term depression......Page p3192.djvu
Synapse location......Page p3193.djvu
Neuromodulation......Page p3194.djvu
Conclusions......Page p3195.djvu
References......Page p3196.djvu
Invertebrate Models......Page p3203.djvu
Vertebrate Models......Page p3205.djvu
Activity-Dependent Modulation of Intrinsic Excitability......Page p3207.djvu
Plasticity of Intrinsic Excitability as a Mechanism for Memory Storage: Hypotheses and Lines of Evidence......Page p3209.djvu
References......Page p3210.djvu
Introduction......Page p3213.djvu
Culturing of neural stem cells......Page p3214.djvu
The hippocampal neurogenic niche......Page p3215.djvu
Molecular Maturation and Identification of Adult-Bom Granule Cells......Page p3217.djvu
Electrophysiology of Maturing AGCs......Page p3218.djvu
Depolarizing GABA input......Page p3219.djvu
Timeline of projections to CA3......Page p3220.djvu
Natural variation in adult neurogenesis......Page p3221.djvu
Learning......Page p3222.djvu
Additional regulators of adult neurogenesis......Page p3223.djvu
Seizures......Page p3224.djvu
Function of Neurogenesis......Page p3225.djvu
Theoretical Functions of Adult Neurogenesis......Page p3226.djvu
Correlational evidence......Page p3227.djvu
'Causal’ evidence......Page p3228.djvu
References......Page p3229.djvu
Introduction......Page p3233.djvu
Epigenetic Marking of Histones......Page p3234.djvu
Histone Acetylation......Page p3235.djvu
DNA (Cytosine-5) Methylation......Page p3236.djvu
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Synaptic Plasticity......Page p3237.djvu
Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes and Synaptic Plasticity......Page p3238.djvu
Histone Acetylation and Seizure......Page p3240.djvu
Epigenetics in Memory Formation......Page p3241.djvu
Histone Acetylation and Memory Storage......Page p3242.djvu
Factor Acetylation and Memory Storage......Page p3243.djvu
Epigenetics in Cognition: Rett Syndrome......Page p3244.djvu
References......Page p3247.djvu
A......Page p3253.djvu
B......Page p3269.djvu
C......Page p3274.djvu
D......Page p3295.djvu
E......Page p3303.djvu
F......Page p3314.djvu
G......Page p3321.djvu
H......Page p3324.djvu
I......Page p3331.djvu
J......Page p3339.djvu
K......Page p3340.djvu
L......Page p3341.djvu
M......Page p3348.djvu
N......Page p3361.djvu
O......Page p3369.djvu
P......Page p3373.djvu
R......Page p3390.djvu
S......Page p3403.djvu
T......Page p3420.djvu
U......Page p3426.djvu
V......Page p3427.djvu
W......Page p3430.djvu
Z......Page p3433.djvu