Learn C Programming from Scratch : A step-by-step methodology with problem solving approach

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
About the Author
About the Reviewer
Acknowledgement
Preface
Table of Contents
1. Programming Methodology
   Introduction
   Structure
   Objectives
   Programming methodology
      Problem-solving methodology and techniques
      Features of a good program
      Computer as a problem-solving tool
   Computers and computing systems
      Computer system
         Hardware
         Software
         Compiler
         Assembler
         Debugger
         Interpreter
         Language translators
   Programming styles
      Procedural programming
      Modular programming
         Top-down modular programming
         Bottom-up modular programming
      Structured programming
      Object Oriented Programming
   Algorithms
      Features of an algorithm
      Writing an algorithm
      Algorithm efficiency
         Importance of algorithmic efficiency
         Algorithm time complexity cases
         Implementation challenges
   Flowcharts
      History of flowcharts
      Flowchart symbols
      Meaning of a flowchart
      Flowchart examples
   Conclusion
   Exercise
2. C Programming Fundamentals
   Introduction
   Structure
   Objectives
   Facts about C
   Uses of C programming language
      Life cycle of a C program
      Integrated Development Environment
         GCC
         Visual Studio Code
         Turbo C++ for Windows 10+
         Eclipse
         Dev-C++
         Creating a source code
         Save file
         Compile code
         Execute/ Run code
      C program components
      Tokens in C
         Semicolons
         Comments
         Keywords
         Whitespace in C
      Operators
         Arithmetic operators
         Relational operators
         Logical operators
         Bitwise operators
         Assignment operators
      Operator precedence in C
      Data types
      Variables
         Variable declaration
         Guidelines for declaring variables
         Initialization
      Identifiers
      Difference between variables and identifiers
      Constants
      Integer data type
         Integer expressions
         Precedence of operators
      Input-output in C
         Output formatting
         printf ()
         Control characters
         Read data supplied by a user
         Read data into a float or double variable
         putchar ()
         fgtes () and fputs ()
         Print an integer using a field width
      Floating point types
         Print double and float variables
         Floating-point expressions
         Assigning double/float to int
      Char data type
      void type
      Lvalues and Rvalues in C
      Literals
         Integer literals
         Floating-point literals
         Character constants
         String literals
      Defining constants
      Differences between constants and literals
      Storage class
         Auto
         Register
         Extern
         Static
         Extern storage class
      Writing basic programs in C
         Sequential logic
   Conclusion
   Exercise
3. Control Statements
   Introduction
   Structure
   Objectives
   Control statements
      Decision making statements
         if statement
         if...else statement
         The if-else-if ladder
         Nested if statements
         Nested conditions
         Switch statements
         Loop statements
         Constituents of a loop
      Different loops used in C
         While loop
         do...while loop
         For loop
      Loop control statements
         Break
         Continue
         Example:
         Goto
         Infinite loop
         Nested loop
   Conclusion
   Exercise
4. Functions
   Introduction
   Structure
   Objectives
   Functions
      Key features of functions in C
      Types of functions in C
      Defining a function
      Calling a function
      Formal arguments
      Return statement
      Various ‘return’ scenarios in C
      Function signature
      Mismatch
      Function variable scope
         Local variables
         Function parameters or variables
         Global variables
         Initializing local variable and global variables
         Callback function
         Function as an argument
      Recursion
         Memory usage in recursion
   Conclusion
   Exercise
5. Arrays
   Introduction
   Structure
   Objectives
   Arrays: One-dimensional array
   Declaring and initializing arrays
      Declaring arrays
      Initializing arrays
   Bounds and array size
   Base address
   Array manipulation
   Accessing array elements
   Modifying array elements
   Passing arrays to functions
   Some array-based programs
   Character arrays - strings
      Accessing characters in a string
      Iterate through characters of a string
      String input and output
      Read a line of text
      String manipulation
      String concatenation
      Substring extraction
      Searching and replacing
   Parsing and tokenization
   Case conversion
      String formatting
      String length and manipulation functions
   2-D strings
      Declaration and initialization of 2-D strings
      Reading input into a 2D string
      Accessing characters in a 2-D string
   Matrices
      Declaring 2-D array (Matrix)
      Initializing two-dimensional arrays
      2-dimensional array elements access
         Passing 2-D matrix to a function in C
   Conclusion
   Exercise
6. Pointers
   Introduction
   Structure
   Objectives
   Pointers
      Using pointers
      Declaring a pointer
      Accessing the value of a pointer
      Application of pointers
         Direct memory manipulation
         Dynamic memory allocation
         Resizing and releasing memory
         String pointers
         Passing parameters to functions
         Effective array manipulation
         String manipulation
         Pointer arithmetic
      Pointer comparisons
      Return pointer from functions
      Pointer to pointer
   Types of pointers
      NULL pointers
      Dangling pointers
      Void pointers
      Wild pointers
      Array of pointers
   Conclusion
   Exercise
7. Structures and Unions
   Introduction
   Structure
   Objectives
   Structures and unions
      User defined data types
      Structures
      Enumerations
      Structures
         Declaring a structure
         Accessing structure members
         Access structure members through a pointer
         Using arrow (->) operator to access structure members
      Array of structures
         Sort array of structures
         Structures as function arguments
         Nested structures
         Accessing nested structure
         Embedded structure
      Unions in C
         Syntax of unions
         Usage of unions
         Considerations and limitations
         Examples of union usage
         Defining a union
         Accessing union members
      Error handling and validation in structures/unions
         Handling memory allocation errors
         Member initialization
         Input validation
         Union discriminant handling
         Error reporting and exiting
         Graceful decline
         Graceful recovery
   Conclusion
   Exercises
8. File Handling
   Introduction
   Structure
   Objectives
   Introducing file handling
      Data hierarchy - layers of data
         Bit
         Byte
         Field
         Record
         File
         Database
         Data warehouses
         Data mart
         Files
   Importance of files
   File modes
   File operations
      Opening a file
      Closing a file
      Writing to a file
      Reading from a file
      File positioning
      Error handling
      File truncation
      File deletion
      File locking
   Type of files
      Working with text files in C
         Opening a text file
         Reading text from a file
         Writing text to a file
         Appending text to an existing file
         Closing a text file
         Error handling
         Reading and writing line-by-line
         Text file manipulation
      Working with CSV files
      Binary file handling in C
         Opening and closing binary files
         Reading binary data
         Writing binary data
         Moving the file pointer
         Binary file size
         Binary file error handling
         Working with complex data structures
         Considerations for binary file handling
   File access
      Sequential file access
         Opening a file for sequential access
         Reading from a file
         Writing to a file
         Moving the file pointer
         Closing a file
         Advantages
         Limitations
         Program examples
      Random access files
         File position indicator
         Opening random access files
         Writing data
         Reading data
         Advantages of random-access files
         Examples of random-access files in C
         Programs on random access files in C
      Direct file access
         Programs on direct access files in C
         File descriptors
      Opening files for direct access
      Reading from files
      Writing to files
      File positioning
      Closing files
      Some program examples on file descriptors
   Stream file access
      Benefits
   Error handling in files
      Global variable errno
         Errno example
   Conclusion
   Exercise
9. C Preprocessors
   Introduction
   Structure
   Objectives
   Introduction to preprocessors
      #define directive
         Defining a constant macro
         Defining a function-like macro
         Defining a conditional macro
         Redefining a macro
      #ifdef preprocessor
      #ifndef preprocessor
      #include preprocessor
      #undef preprocessor
      #if #else #elif #endif macros in C
         Control structure macros
      Types of pre-processor directives
         File inclusion directives
         Macro definition directives
         Applications of macros
         Conditional compilation
         Preprocessor directive #Pragma
      ANSI C predefined macros
      Preprocessor operators
         Macro continuation (\) operator
         Stringize (#) operator
         Token pasting (##) operator
         Defined () operator
      C-header files
         Include syntax
         Include operation
      Once-only headers
         Using #ifdef for different computer types (Computed includes)
   Conclusion
   Exercise
10. C Graphics
   Introduction
   Structure
   Objectives
   C Graphics
      C libraries for graphics
      Choosing the right graphics library
      Configuring the graphics environment
         Initialization of the graphics mode
         Setting up Borland Graphics Interface for Windows
         Get and set up WinBGIm
         Setting up your compiler
         Add the necessary header file
         Initialize the graphics mode
         Drawing on the screen
         Closing the graphics mode
         Setting up graphics mode using SDL
      Understanding coordinates and resolution
         Basics of color
      Operations for simple drawings
   Colors in C graphics programming
      C Program on graphics colors
   Input handling
   Animations and delay
      Double buffering
   Text mode graphics functions
   C graphics program to draw shapes
   C graphics programs
   Conclusion
   Exercise
Index