Layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites

Front Cover......Page 1
Layered Double Hydroxide Polymer Nanocomposites......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of contributors......Page 18
Preface......Page 22
Acknowledgement......Page 26
 1.1 Introduction......Page 28
  1.2.1 Structure of layered double hydroxides......Page 29
  1.2.3 Synthesis Routes of Layered Double Hydroxides......Page 31
   1.2.3.2 Urea Hydrolysis......Page 32
   1.2.3.8 Anion exchange......Page 33
 1.3 Organic Modification of Layered Double Hydroxides......Page 34
  1.3.1 One step Co-precipitation......Page 38
  1.3.3 Memory Effect or Regeneration Method......Page 39
  1.3.4 The delamination/restacking method......Page 40
 1.4 Characterization of layered double hydroxides and modified layered double hydroxides......Page 41
 1.5 Potential applications of layered double hydroxides, organically modified layered double hydroxides and layered double .........Page 48
  1.5.1 Flame retardant applications......Page 50
  1.5.2 Catalysis......Page 52
  1.5.3 Water splitting......Page 53
  1.5.4 Environmental remediation......Page 54
  1.5.5 Electrode for super capacitor......Page 57
  1.5.6 Biomedical applications......Page 59
  1.7.1 Melt Compounding......Page 62
  1.7.2 Solution Blending......Page 64
   1.7.3.2 In-Situ LDH Synthesis......Page 65
  1.7.4 Layer By Layer Assembly......Page 66
   1.7.4.1 Preparation of LDH Nanosheets......Page 67
  1.7.5 Two roll mill mixing......Page 68
  1.7.7 High energy ball milling......Page 69
  1.8.1 Flame Retardant Application......Page 70
  1.8.2 Biomedical Application......Page 71
  1.8.3 Gas sensing Applications......Page 76
  1.8.4 Energy Applications......Page 77
  1.8.5 Food Packaging Applications......Page 78
  1.8.6 Water Purification......Page 79
  1.8.7 Gas Barrier Materials......Page 80
  1.8.8 Agricultural Applications......Page 81
  1.8.9 Anti Corrosion Materials......Page 82
 1.9 LDH based polymer hybrid nanocomposites......Page 83
 1.10 Conclusion and perspectives......Page 90
 1.11 Abbreviations......Page 93
 References......Page 95
 2.1 Introduction......Page 104
   2.2.1.1 Mg–Al LDH–CO32−......Page 106
   2.2.1.3 Mg–Al LDH–SO42−......Page 108
   2.2.1.5 Mg–Al LDH–Cl−......Page 109
  2.2.2 Fourier transform infrared characteristic absorption bands of layered double hydroxides with different metals......Page 110
  2.2.3 FTIR spectra of layered double hydroxides containing three metals......Page 112
 2.3 FTIR spectra of organo-modified layered double hydroxides......Page 114
 2.4 Conclusion......Page 122
 References......Page 123
  3.1.1 Layered double hydroxides......Page 130
  3.1.2 Modification of layered double hydroxides......Page 131
   3.1.2.4 Mechanochemical approaches......Page 132
  3.2.1 Introduction......Page 133
  3.3.1 Preparation of carboxymethylcellulose/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 142
  3.3.2 Preparation of pectin/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 143
  3.3.3 Preparation of chitosan/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 144
  3.3.4 Preparation of natural rubber/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 145
 3.4 Preparation of synthetic polymer/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 147
  3.4.1 Preparation of polyimide/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 149
  3.4.2 Preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 150
  3.4.4 Preparation of P(MMA-co-BA)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 151
  3.4.6 Preparation of poly(amide-imide)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 154
  3.4.7 Preparation of low-density polyethylene/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 158
  3.4.8 Preparation of polyvinyl alcohol/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 161
  3.4.9 Preparation of polyester/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 163
  3.4.10 Preparation of polyvinyl chloride/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 164
  3.4.11 Preparation of polypropylene-ethylene vinyl acetate/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 166
  3.4.12 Preparation of silicone rubber/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 167
  3.4.13 Preparation of epoxy resin/MoS2/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 168
  3.4.14 Preparation of polyurethane/nitrile butadiene rubber Blend/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 170
  3.4.15 Preparation of polyethyleneimine/poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) hybrid/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 171
  3.4.16 Preparation of isotactic polypropylene/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 172
 3.5 Conclusions and future perspectives......Page 175
 References......Page 179
 4.1 Introduction......Page 184
 4.2 Microscopic characterization techniques for PNCs......Page 185
  4.2.2 Scanning electron microscope......Page 186
  4.2.3 Transmission electron microscope......Page 187
  4.2.5 Scanning probe microscope......Page 189
  4.2.6 Scanning tunneling microscope......Page 190
  4.2.7 Atomic force microscope......Page 191
 4.3 Microscopic characterization of polymer/LDH NCs......Page 192
  4.3.1 Microscopic characterization of elastomer/LDH NCs......Page 193
  4.3.2 Microscopic characterization of thermoplastic polymer/LDH NCs......Page 197
  4.3.3 Microscopic characterization of thermosetting polymer/LDH NCs......Page 210
  4.3.4 Microscopic characterization of polymer blend/LDH NCs......Page 219
 References......Page 224
 Further reading......Page 230
 5.1 Introduction......Page 232
 5.2 X-ray diffraction analysis......Page 233
 5.3 X-ray diffraction analysis of layered double hydroxides and Modified Layered Double Hydroxides......Page 237
 5.4 X-ray diffraction analysis of layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites......Page 243
 5.5 Conclusion......Page 252
 References......Page 253
 6.1 Introduction......Page 258
 6.2 Spectroscopy of polymer nanocomposites......Page 259
  6.2.3 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy......Page 260
  6.2.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy......Page 261
  6.2.8 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy......Page 262
  6.3.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites......Page 263
  6.3.2 Raman spectroscopy of layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites......Page 266
  6.3.3 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites......Page 270
  6.3.4 Fluorescence spectroscopy of layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites......Page 274
  6.3.5 Dielectric spectroscopy of layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites......Page 278
  6.3.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites......Page 285
  6.3.7 UV–vis spectroscopy of layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites......Page 289
  6.3.8 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of layered double hydroxide polymer nanocomposites......Page 292
 6.4 Spectroscopic characterization for the aging process......Page 297
 6.5 Conclusions......Page 300
 References......Page 301
 Further reading......Page 306
  7.1.1 The importance of rheological studies of polymer nanocomposites......Page 308
  7.1.2 Rheology of polymer layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 309
 7.2 Rheology of thermoplastic polymer layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 311
 7.3 Rheology of thermosetting polymer layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 324
 7.4 Modeling of rheological properties......Page 328
 References......Page 332
 Further reading......Page 337
 8.1 Introduction......Page 338
  8.2.1 The techniques for determining thermal stability properties of polymers......Page 340
  8.2.2 The techniques for determining the flame-retardant performance of polymers......Page 341
  8.3.1 Thermal stabilizer introduction......Page 344
   8.3.2.1 Effect of inorganic LDHs......Page 345
   8.3.2.2 Effect of organic LDHs......Page 346
   8.3.2.3 Effect of LDHs with other synergistic thermal stabilizers......Page 347
  8.3.3 The mechanism of thermostability using LDHs......Page 349
  8.4.1 Flame retardant introduction......Page 350
   8.4.2.1 Effect of inorganic LDHs......Page 351
   8.4.2.2 Effect of organic LDHs......Page 354
   8.4.2.3 Effect of LDHs with other synergistic fire retardants......Page 357
   8.4.3.1 Organic modification of LDHs......Page 364
  8.4.4 The mechanism of flame retardancy using LDH......Page 365
 References......Page 367
 9.1 Introduction......Page 374
 9.2 Preparative methods of LDH-elastomer and LDH-elastomeric blend nanocomposites......Page 376
    9.4.1.1.1 XRD......Page 377
    9.4.1.1.2 TEM......Page 381
    9.4.1.2.1 XRD......Page 385
    9.4.1.2.2 TEM......Page 386
    9.4.1.3.1 XRD......Page 388
    9.4.1.3.2 TEM......Page 389
    9.4.1.4.1 XRD......Page 390
    9.4.1.5.1 TEM......Page 391
    9.4.1.6.1 XRD......Page 392
    9.4.1.6.2 TEM......Page 393
    9.4.2.1.1 XRD......Page 394
    9.4.2.1.2 TEM......Page 395
    9.4.2.2.1 XRD......Page 396
    9.4.2.2.2 TEM......Page 397
   9.5.1.1 PU-LDH nanocomposites......Page 399
   9.5.1.2 EVA/LDH nanocomposites......Page 404
   9.5.1.3 SR/LDH nanocomposites......Page 406
   9.5.1.4 EPDM/LDH nanocomposites......Page 407
   9.5.1.6 NBR/LDH and XNBR/LDH nanocomposites......Page 409
   9.5.2.1 PU blend-LDH nanocomposites......Page 410
   9.5.2.2 EVA Blend-LDH nanocomposites......Page 413
   9.6.1.1 PU-LDH nanocomposites......Page 415
   9.6.1.2 EVA-LDH nanocomposites......Page 417
   9.6.1.3 SR/LDH nanocomposites......Page 421
   9.6.1.4 EPDM-LDH nanocomposites......Page 422
   9.6.1.5 NBR/LDH and XNBR/LDH nanocomposites......Page 424
   9.6.2.1 PU blend/LDH nanocomposites......Page 425
   9.6.2.2 EVA-EPDM/LDH nanocomposites......Page 428
 9.7 Conclusion......Page 429
 References......Page 430
 10.1 A general introduction to LDH-carbon nanoform nanocomposites......Page 438
 10.2 Graphene and graphene oxide/LDH nanocomposites......Page 442
   10.2.1.1 Reassembly of graphene and LDHs......Page 444
   10.2.1.2 Direct growth of LDH on graphene......Page 447
   10.2.1.3 Graphene formation in LDH layers......Page 450
 10.3 Carbon nanotubes/LDH nanocomposites......Page 452
   10.3.1.1 Reassembly of CNTs and LDHs......Page 454
   10.3.1.2 LDH formation on CNTs......Page 455
   10.3.1.3 CNTs formation on LDHs......Page 456
  10.4.3 Carbon spheres/LDH nanocomposites......Page 458
  10.4.4 Carbon (nano)fibers/LDH nanocomposites......Page 459
  10.5.1 Energy storage and conversion......Page 463
   10.5.1.1 Batteries......Page 465
   10.5.1.2 Supercapacitors......Page 466
   10.5.1.3 Water splitting......Page 468
  10.5.2 Catalysis......Page 470
   10.5.3.1 Environment protection......Page 472
   10.5.3.3 Materials science......Page 474
 10.6 Conclusions......Page 475
 10.7 Perspectives......Page 476
 References......Page 477
 Further reading......Page 487
 11.1 Introduction......Page 488
   11.2.1.1 Layer-by-layer assembly......Page 491
   11.2.1.2 Physical blending......Page 493
   11.2.2.1 Conventional emulsion polymerization......Page 495
   11.2.2.2 Suspension polymerization......Page 498
   11.2.2.3 Reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP)......Page 499
  11.2.3 Latex-templating approaches......Page 502
  11.3.1 LDH-based nanocomposites......Page 508
   11.3.1.1 Mechanical properties......Page 509
   11.3.1.2 Flame retardancy......Page 510
   11.3.2.1 Adsorption and extraction......Page 512
   11.3.2.2 Catalysis and photocatalysis......Page 513
   11.3.2.3 Electrochemical and magnetic properties......Page 514
 References......Page 516
   12.1.1.1 Conjugated polymers......Page 524
   12.1.1.2 LDHs/conjugated polymer nanocomposites......Page 525
  12.1.2 Fabrication and assembly of LDH/CP nanocomposites......Page 526
   12.1.2.1 Layer-by-layer assembly method based on electrostatic interaction......Page 527
   12.1.2.2 Layer-by-layer assembly method based on hydrogen bond interactions......Page 534
   12.1.2.3 Layer-by-layer assembly method based on van der Waals forces......Page 538
   12.1.2.4 Layer-by-layer assembly based on miscellaneous interaction......Page 539
   12.2.1.1 Photostability of LDH/CP nanocomposites......Page 542
   12.2.1.2 Luminescence properties of LDH/conjugated polymer nanocomposites and applications......Page 544
   12.2.1.3 Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) of LDH/CP nanocomposites......Page 546
   12.2.2.1 Photodetectors......Page 549
   12.2.2.2 Photocatalysis......Page 550
 12.3 Conclusions and outlook......Page 552
 References......Page 553
 13.1 Introduction......Page 558
 13.2 Modification of LDHs with organic compounds......Page 559
 13.3 Layered double hydroxide/Carbonaceous nanofiller hybrids......Page 562
 13.4 Synthesis of LDH/Carbonaceous nanofiller hybrids......Page 563
  13.5.1 Removal of pollution......Page 565
  13.5.2 Supercapacitor......Page 570
  13.5.3 Catalyst......Page 573
 13.6 Polymer/LDH/Carbonaceous nanofiller hybrid nanocomposites......Page 575
  13.6.1 Polymer/LDH/CNT hybrid nanocomposites......Page 577
  13.6.2 Polymer/LDH/graphene hybrid nanocomposites......Page 581
  13.6.3 Polymer/LDH/Other nanofiller hybrids......Page 583
 13.7 Conclusions......Page 585
 References......Page 586
 14.1 Introduction......Page 592
  14.2.1 Application of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites in Supercapacitors......Page 595
  14.2.2 Application of Layered Double Hydroxide/Polymer Nanocomposites in Supercapacitors......Page 598
 14.3 Batteries......Page 601
  14.3.1 Application of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites in Batteries......Page 602
  14.3.2 Application of Layered Double Hydroxide/Polymer Nanocomposites in Batteries......Page 604
 14.4 Fuel Cells......Page 606
  14.4.1 Application of Layered Double Hydroxide/Polymer Nanocomposites in Fuel Cells......Page 607
 14.5 Other Electrical and Electronic Applications of Layered Double Hydroxide/Polymer Nanocomposites......Page 614
 Acknowledgments......Page 618
 References......Page 619
 15.1 Introduction......Page 626
   15.2.1.1 Cellulose/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 631
   15.2.1.2 Starch/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 639
   15.2.1.3 Chitosan/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 646
   15.2.1.4 Alginate/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 651
   15.2.1.5 Other polysaccharides......Page 654
  15.2.2 Protein/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 659
  15.2.3 PHA/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 660
  15.2.4 PLA/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 670
  15.2.5 PVA/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 680
 References......Page 692
 16.1 Introduction......Page 704
  16.1.1 Layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 705
  16.1.2 Layered double hydroxide nanocomposites in the medical field......Page 707
   16.1.2.1 Cellular uptake mechanism and biodistribution......Page 708
   16.1.2.2 Tissue distribution of layered double hydroxide nanoparticles......Page 711
  16.2.1 Layered double hydroxide nanocomposites in drug-delivery applications......Page 712
  16.2.2 Layered double hydroxide nanocomposites in gene-delivery applications......Page 715
  16.2.3 Bioimaging applications......Page 720
  16.2.5 Layered double hydroxide nanocomposites for tissue engineering applications......Page 721
  16.3.1 Alginate–layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 722
   16.3.1.1 Release of ibuprofen from alginate–zein bionanocomposite beads......Page 724
  16.3.2 Chitosan–layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 725
   16.3.2.1 Drug-delivery applications......Page 726
   16.3.2.2 Carboxymethyl chitosan–layered double hydroxide nanocomposite......Page 727
   16.3.2.3 Bioimaging applications......Page 728
   16.3.2.4 Ex vivo fluorescence image of rabbit ocular tissues......Page 729
   16.3.2.5 Chitosan–layered double hydroxide nanocomposites in photodynamic therapy......Page 732
   16.3.2.6 Chitosan–layered double hydroxide nanocomposites in tissue engineering applications......Page 734
  16.3.3 Other polymer–layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 736
 References......Page 737
 Further reading......Page 741
 17.1 Introduction......Page 742
 17.2 The history and evolution of chemical use in agriculture......Page 743
 17.3 Principal agricultural problems to resolve with new technologies......Page 745
 17.4 Layered double hydroxide applications in agriculture......Page 746
  17.4.1 Layered double hydroxide matrices of slow-release fertilizers......Page 747
  17.4.2 Layered double hydroxides for storage and gradual herbicide release......Page 753
  17.4.3 Layered double hydroxides for storage and slow release of plant growth regulators......Page 754
  17.4.4 Use of layered double hydroxides for pesticide removal......Page 757
 17.5 Final considerations......Page 760
 References......Page 761
 Further reading......Page 768
 18.1 Introduction......Page 770
  18.1.1 Characterization and analytical techniques of polymer nanocomposites for food-packaging applications......Page 774
 18.2 Layered double hydroxides as hosts of active molecules for potential in food-packaging applications......Page 775
 18.3 Polymeric nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxide-active molecules......Page 781
  18.3.1 Nanocomposites from oil-derived polymers......Page 783
  18.3.2 Nanocomposites of bioplastics from fossil-based resources......Page 787
  18.3.3 Nanocomposites of bioplastics from renewable sources......Page 791
 18.4 Regulation issues......Page 793
 18.5 Conclusions and future perspectives......Page 794
 References......Page 795
 19.1 Introduction......Page 808
  19.2.2 Layered double hydroxide modification......Page 809
  19.2.4 Mechanisms of adsorption......Page 810
  19.3.1 Importance of using polymer/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites in water purification......Page 817
  19.3.2 Polymer/layered double hydroxide-based adsorbents......Page 818
 Acknowledgments......Page 825
 References......Page 826
 20.1 Introduction......Page 832
 20.2 Applications of layered double hydroxides in catalysis......Page 834
 20.3 Polymer/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites......Page 838
   23.3.1.2 In situ polymerization......Page 839
   20.3.1.4 Melt mixing......Page 840
 20.4 Applications of polymer/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites in catalysis......Page 842
 References......Page 856
Index......Page 862
Back Cover......Page 886