Law’s Impunity: Responsibility and the Modern Private Military Company

Cover
Half-title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Table of Cases
Table of Instruments and Legislation
Introduction
1. Law’s Impunity
	I. Introduction
	II. The Contested Concept of Impunity
	III. The Passive and Active Dimensions of Legal Impunity
	IV. Passive Impunity: Structural Characteristics of the Ordinary Legal Process
		A. Compartmentalisation of Law
		B. Impunity Through the Juridification of War
		C. Impunity within the ‘Dark Sides’of Law
		D. The Irresponsibility of Law
		E. Impunity within the Multifarious Character of Responsibility
		F. Law’s Denial: Determining Damage, Injury and Wrong
		G. Law’s Assertion: Legitimacy, Legality and Rightfulness
	V. Active Impunity: Legal Exceptionalism
		A. Pardon, Amnesty and Immunity
		B. International Humanitarian Law
		C. States of Exception
	VI. Conclusion
2. The Modern Private Military Company
	I. Introduction
	II. A Contemporary Overview of the Modern Private Military Company
	III. Impunity for Private Military Company Involvement in Atrocities
		A. Perpetration and Collusion in Torture: Abu Ghraib Prison
		B. Indiscriminate and Disproportionate Use of Force: Iraq
		C. Sex-Trafficking and Prostitution Rings: Bosnia
	IV. The Question of Accountability
	V. Modern Private Military Company: Criminal Enterprise or Legitimate Business?
	VI. Watchguard International: The Conception of the Modern Private Military Company
	VII. Historical Pressure Towards Military Privatisation
	VIII. Contemporary Trends and Future Trajectories Towards Military Privatisation
	IX. Towards a Definition and Typology for the Modern Private Military Company
		A. Existing Typologies for the Private Military Company Industry
		B. One-Dimensional Typologies
		C. Official Typologies
		D. Two-Dimensional Typologies
	X. Proposed Typology: Segregating Civilian and Military Corporations on the Principle of Distinction
		A. Adapting the Principle of Distinction
		B. The Severity of Harm Dimension: Control and Exercise of Violence
		C. The Proximity of Harm Dimension: Direct Participation in Hostilities
		D. Combining the Revised Typology
	XI. Conclusion
3. Law’s Failure to Marginalise and Criminalise Mercenary Activity
	I. Introduction
	II. Maritime Piracy: Hostes Humani Generis
	III. Soldiers of (Mis-) Fortune: A Brief Historical Background of Mercenary Activity
	IV. The Pejorative Status of Mercenaries
	V. The Moral Mercenary and the Problem of Differentiating Organised Violence
		A. Motivational Objections
		B. Armed Reluctance Objections
	VI. Mercenaries and Mercenarism in the Law
		A. The Defi nitional Impasse
		B. The Departure in Defi nitional Approach
		C. Different Defi nitions
	VII. International Humanitarian Law and the Marginalisation of Mercenaries
		A. The Laws of Neutrality and the Hague Conventions
		B. Geneva Law and Belligerency Status
	VIII. The International Crime of Mercenarism?
		A. Momentum towards Criminalising Mercenarism
		B. The Luanda Crucible of the International Conventions Criminalising Mercenarism
		C. An International Crime of Mercenarism?
		D. Mercenarism and the Crime of Aggression
	IX. Conclusion
4. Passive Private Military Company Impunity
	I. Introduction
	II. The Path to Corporate Juridical Personhood
		A. Interpretive Denial for the PMC arising from its Corporate Juridical Personhood
		B. Interpretive Assertion for the PMC arising from its Corporate Juridical Personhood
	III. Passive Impunity for the PMC Under Contract Law
		A. Freedom of Contract and its Consequences
		B. Doctrine of Privity and its Limitations
		C. Direct Enforcement by Contractual Parties
		D. Limitations of Third-Party Enforcement
		E. The Horizontality of Contract: Equal and Independent Parties
		F. Contract’s Creation and Legitimation
		G. Relative Equality of Contractual Parties: State and Command Responsibility
		H. The Indifference of Contract Law
		I. Inadequacy of Contractual Remedies
		J. Denial Through Contract Law?
	IV. Passive Impunity: Jus ad Bellum and Corporate Aggression
		A. The Prohibition of the Use of Force
		B. Acts of Aggression and the Crime of Aggression
	V. Passive Impunity Generated by the Doctrine of Command Responsibility
		A. The Doctrine of Command Responsibility
		B. Internal Command Responsibility within PMCs
		C. External Command Responsibility
		D. Superior Responsibility in PMC Regulation
	VI. Conclusion: The Perpetuation of Passive Private Military Company Impunity
5. Active Private Military Company Impunity
	I. Introduction
	II. Active Impunity from Criminal Law: Societas Delinquere Non Potest
		A. International Criminal Law and the Juridical Person
		B. In the Docket of the United States Federal Courts
		C. Active Impunity: Suspension of US Criminal Law for the PMC
	III. Active Impunity: Foreclosing Civil Remedies
		A. The Alien Tort Claims Act 1789
		B. Corporate Liability Under ATCA
		C. Distinguishing Direct Perpetration by PMCs from the Corporate Complicity Jurisprudence Under ATCA
		D. State Action Requirement
		E. An Overview of Active Impunity Under ATCA
		F. PMCs Under ATCA
		G. Overcoming Active Impunity Under ATCA?
		H. Broadening and Deepening Active Impunity: The Supreme Court Decision in Kiobel
		I. Torture Victims Protection Act 1991
	IV. Conclusion: Active Private Military Company Impunity and Interpretative Denial Revisited
6. The Future of Private Military Impunity
	I. Introduction
	II. Regulation of PMCs on the International Plane
		A. Irresponsible Regulation: Neglecting the Temporal Dimension of Responsibility
		B. The Path to Self-regulation in the United Kingdom
		C. The Montreux Document Process
		D. International Code of Conduct
		E. ICoC Draft Charter and Association
		F. International Law Mechanisms: The UN Working Group Draft Convention
		G. International Law Mechanisms: The UN Intergovernmental Working Group
	III. Incentivising Robust Self-Regulation
		A. Collective Responsibility of Self-regulatory Bodies
	IV. The Future of Impunity in PMC Regulation
		A. The Future of PMC Impunity: Repetition of Existing Regulatory Problems
		B. The Future of PMC Impunity: Regulatory Content and Contortion
		C. The Future of PMC Impunity: Regulatory Competition and Capture
		D. The Future of PMC Impunity: Composition and Competence of the Regulators
		E. The Future of PMC Impunity: Compliance and Consequence of Regulation
	V. Conclusion
7. Conclusion
Selected Bibliography
Index