Law, justice, and society: a sociolegal introduction

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Proverb......Page 7
DETAILED CONTENTS......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 20
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 24
CHAPTER 1: LAW: ITS FUNCTION AND PURPOSE......Page 26
 INTRODUCTION......Page 27
 THE SIX PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO LAW......Page 28
  2. Values......Page 29
  3. Norms......Page 30
  4. Symbols......Page 32
  5. Technology......Page 33
  6. Language......Page 34
 THE CODE OF HAMMURABI......Page 35
  Plato......Page 36
  Aristotle......Page 37
  Thomas Hobbes......Page 38
  John Locke......Page 39
  John Rawls......Page 40
 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF LAW......Page 41
  Max Weber......Page 42
  Émile Durkheim......Page 44
 TWO OPPOSING PERSPECTIVES: CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT......Page 46
  The Conflict Perspective......Page 47
 SUMMARY......Page 49
 References......Page 51
CHAPTER 2: JUSTICE AND THE LAW......Page 53
  Distributive Justice......Page 54
  Retributive Justice......Page 56
 PROBLEMS WITH ARISTOTLE’S DEFINITION OF JUSTICE......Page 59
 LEGAL REALISM......Page 60
 WHERE DOES JUSTICE COME FROM? TWO PERSPECTIVES OF LAW AND JUSTICE AS NATURAL......Page 62
  The Transcendental Natural Law Perspective......Page 63
  The Evolutionary Perspective......Page 65
 WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP OF LAW TO JUSTICE?......Page 67
  Equity......Page 68
  An Example of an Equity Decision......Page 69
 GAROFALO AND NATURAL CRIME......Page 70
 THE RULE OF LAW......Page 71
 JUSTICE EVOLVING: CESARE BECCARIA AND REFORM......Page 73
 HERBERT PACKER’S MODELS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE......Page 74
  The Due Process Model......Page 75
  An Illustration of the Models in Action......Page 76
 SUMMARY......Page 77
 References......Page 79
 Cases Cited......Page 81
 INTRODUCTION......Page 82
 COMMON LAW......Page 83
 PRECEDENT AND STARE DECISIS......Page 84
 SOURCES OF LAW......Page 86
 SOURCES OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS......Page 87
 THE CONSTITUTION......Page 88
  First Amendment......Page 89
  Second Amendment......Page 91
  Fourth Amendment......Page 92
  Fifth Amendment......Page 93
  Sixth Amendment......Page 95
  Ninth Amendment......Page 97
  Other Amendments......Page 98
  Fourteenth Amendment......Page 99
  Standard of Review......Page 100
  Incorporation of the Bill of Rights in the Fourteenth Amendment......Page 102
 JUDICIAL REVIEW......Page 105
  Marbury v. Madison......Page 106
 THE PROCESS OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION......Page 107
 SUMMARY......Page 108
 References......Page 109
 Cases Cited......Page 110
CHAPTER 4: FEDERAL AND STATE COURTS......Page 112
 INTRODUCTION......Page 113
 JURISDICTION......Page 114
 THE FEDERAL COURTS......Page 115
  District Courts......Page 116
  Courts of Appeals......Page 118
  Supreme Court......Page 119
 THE STATE COURTS......Page 121
 OVERVIEW OF THE CRIMINAL PROCESS......Page 123
 THE JURY AND ITS SELECTION......Page 125
  Jury Selection......Page 126
  The Trial......Page 127
  Appeals......Page 128
  Judges......Page 129
  Prosecutors......Page 131
 THE LEGAL PROFESSION......Page 132
 SUMMARY......Page 133
 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 134
 Cases Cited......Page 135
 INTRODUCTION......Page 136
 WHAT IS CRIME?......Page 137
 LIMITATIONS ON CRIMINAL LAW......Page 139
  Common Elements of Criminal Offenses......Page 141
  Attempt......Page 144
  Parties to Crime......Page 145
  Justification Defenses......Page 146
  Excuse Defenses......Page 147
  Procedural Defenses: Entrapment......Page 149
  Murder......Page 150
  Aggravated Assault......Page 152
 CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY......Page 153
  Burglary......Page 154
  Larceny/Theft......Page 155
 SUMMARY......Page 156
 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 157
 Cases Cited......Page 158
CHAPTER 6: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE......Page 159
 PURPOSE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW......Page 160
 SEARCH AND SEIZURE LAW AND THE FOURTH AMENDMENT......Page 161
 ARREST......Page 162
  Types of Seizures......Page 163
  Reasonable Expectation of Privacy......Page 165
  Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement......Page 166
 RIGHT TO THE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL......Page 171
 RIGHT TO COUNSEL DURING INTERROGATIONS AND PRETRIAL IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES......Page 172
  Circumstances in Which Miranda Is Not Required......Page 173
  Extension and Application of the Miranda Warnings......Page 174
 THE CONFRONTATION OF WITNESSES CLAUSE......Page 175
 THE RIGHT TO COMPULSORY PROCESS CLAUSE......Page 176
 ADVANCING TOWARD THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE......Page 177
  Curtailing the Exclusionary Rule......Page 179
 SUMMARY......Page 182
 References......Page 183
 Cases Cited......Page 184
CHAPTER 7: CIVIL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW......Page 187
 DIFFERENTIATING CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW......Page 188
 TORT LAW......Page 191
  Tort Categories......Page 193
  Defenses to Liability......Page 194
  Tort Reform......Page 195
 PROPERTY LAW......Page 196
  Interests in Real Property......Page 197
 CONTRACT LAW......Page 198
  Elements of a Valid Contract......Page 199
 FAMILY LAW......Page 200
  The Supreme Court and the Right to Marry......Page 201
  The Road to Same-Sex Marriage......Page 202
  Common Law Marriage......Page 204
  Dividing Property, Child Custody, and Spousal Support......Page 205
  Origins and Growth of Administrative Agencies......Page 206
  Judicial Function of Administrative Agencies......Page 208
  Administrative Law and Corporate Crime......Page 209
  Recent Responses to Corporate Crime......Page 210
  The Development of Environmental Laws and Regulations......Page 213
  Enforcement of Environmental Laws......Page 214
  Environmental Crime......Page 215
 SUMMARY......Page 217
 References......Page 218
 Cases Cited......Page 220
 INTRODUCTION......Page 221
 THE EXTENT OF DELINQUENCY......Page 222
 DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY......Page 224
 HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF JUVENILE JUSTICE......Page 225
  Institutional Control......Page 226
  Childhood in the United States......Page 227
  The Beginning of the Juvenile Courts......Page 229
 JUVENILE WAIVER TO CRIMINAL COURT......Page 231
 EXTENDING DUE PROCESS TO JUVENILES......Page 232
  Kent v. United States......Page 233
  In re Gault......Page 234
  McKeiver v. Pennsylvania......Page 235
  Schall v. Martin......Page 236
 THE JUVENILE DEATH PENALTY......Page 237
 ERODING THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ADULT AND JUVENILE COURT SYSTEMS......Page 240
 RESTORATIVE JUSTICE......Page 241
 SUMMARY......Page 243
 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 244
 References......Page 245
 Cases Cited......Page 247
CHAPTER 9: THE LAW AND SOCIAL CONTROL......Page 248
 A TYPOLOGY OF SOCIAL CONTROL......Page 249
  Punishment and Deterrence......Page 251
  Other Philosophies of Punishment......Page 254
  Black’s Styles of Social Control......Page 255
 IS THE UNITED STATES SOFT ON CRIME?......Page 257
 PLEA BARGAINING......Page 259
 THE DEATH PENALTY DEBATE......Page 260
  Arguments Against the Death Penalty......Page 262
  Arguments Favoring the Death Penalty......Page 263
 THE LAW AND SOCIAL CONTROL OF POLITICAL DISSENT......Page 265
 THERAPEUTIC SOCIAL CONTROL: LAW AND PSYCHIATRY......Page 269
 “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!”: A CASE OF JUDICIAL SOCIAL CONTROL......Page 271
 SUMMARY......Page 273
 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 274
 References......Page 275
 Cases Cited......Page 277
CHAPTER 10: THE LIMITS OF SOCIAL CONTROL: POLICING VICE......Page 278
 WHAT IS A VICE CRIME?......Page 279
 HOMOSEXUALITY AND SODOMY......Page 282
  The Law and Gay Rights Versus Religious Liberty......Page 284
 THE CONCEPT OF “COMPELLING GOVERNMENT INTEREST”......Page 285
 CAN THE RIGHTS OF BOTH GAYS AND RELIGIOUS DISSENTERS BE PROTECTED?......Page 288
 PROSTITUTION AND COMMERCIALIZED VICE......Page 291
  Should Prostitution Be Decriminalized/Legalized?......Page 293
 PORNOGRAPHY/OBSCENITY......Page 295
 ABORTION......Page 298
 ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUGS......Page 303
  Taming the Beast in the Bottle......Page 304
  Illicit Drugs......Page 305
  The Future of Drug Regulation......Page 307
 SUMMARY......Page 308
 References......Page 310
 Cases Cited......Page 314
CHAPTER 11: LAW, SOCIAL CHANGE, AND THE CLASS STRUGGLE......Page 315
 WHAT IS SOCIAL CHANGE?......Page 316
 THE LAW AS A CAUSE OF SOCIAL CHANGE......Page 317
 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, THE LAW, AND SOCIAL CHANGE......Page 318
 BRITISH LAW AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION......Page 320
 LAW AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING IN THE FORMER USSR......Page 322
  Dynamic and Constrained Views of the Supreme Court’s Power......Page 324
  The Legitimacy Basis of the Court’s Power......Page 325
  Justice Anthony Kennedy: The Most Powerful Man in the United States?......Page 327
  Interpreting the Constitution: Strict Construction or Living Document?......Page 328
 THE SUPREME COURT AND THE CLASS STRUGGLE......Page 330
  The Fourteenth Amendment and Business Interests......Page 332
 SOCIAL JUSTICE, EQUALITY, AND FREEDOM: A DEBATE......Page 336
  The Argument for Social Justice......Page 337
  The Argument Against Social Justice......Page 338
  Bringing the Country Together Through Case Law......Page 340
  The Activism of the Warren and Burger Courts......Page 342
 SUMMARY......Page 343
 References......Page 345
 Cases Cited......Page 348
CHAPTER 12: WOMEN AND THE LAW (by Mary K. Stohr)......Page 349
 FEMINIST LEGAL THEORY......Page 350
 WOMEN AND LAW IN HISTORY: THE BIRTH OF MISOGYNY AND OTHER TRIUMPHS......Page 351
 THE RELATIVE VALUE OF CITIZENS: THE STRUGGLE FOR WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE......Page 354
 RAPE AND OTHER MISOGYNOUS ATROCITIES......Page 358
 WOMEN’S WORK AND OTHER LEGAL MATTERS......Page 360
 THE UNCEFDW AND THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT......Page 362
 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE......Page 363
 WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION......Page 365
 THE BIAS STUDIES......Page 369
 LAW, EQUALITY, AND JUSTICE......Page 370
 BUILDING UNDERSTANDING......Page 371
 SUMMARY......Page 372
 References......Page 373
 Cases Cited......Page 376
CHAPTER 13: RACIAL MINORITIES AND THE LAW......Page 377
  Slavery and the Law......Page 378
  The Amistad Case......Page 380
  The Dred Scott Case......Page 381
  Emancipation and the Reconstruction Period......Page 382
  The Emergence of Jim Crow Laws......Page 383
  Segregation, Disenfranchisement, and the Plessy and Williams Cases......Page 384
  “We Shall Overcome”......Page 386
  The Cold War and International Pressure......Page 388
  The Early Years......Page 389
  The Marshall Trilogy: Defining Indian Status......Page 390
  The Period of Removal and Physical Genocide......Page 391
  The Assimilation Period and Cultural Genocide......Page 393
  The Beginning of the End of Cultural Genocide (With a Few Backward Steps)......Page 394
 ASIAN AMERICANS......Page 395
  The Mexican-American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo......Page 397
  Push and Pull: Invitation and Exile......Page 399
  Segregation, Jury Representation, and Voting Rights......Page 400
 HOW FAR HAVE WE COME?......Page 402
 SUMMARY......Page 404
 References......Page 406
 Cases Cited......Page 409
CHAPTER 14: COMPARATIVE LAW: LAW IN OTHER CULTURES......Page 411
 LAW IN PRELITERATE BANDS AND TRIBES......Page 412
 LAW IN THE MODERN WORLD: THE FOUR TRADITIONS......Page 415
  Common Law......Page 416
  Civil Law......Page 418
  Socialist Law......Page 425
  Islamic Law......Page 430
 THE FOUR TRADITIONS AND THE RULE OF LAW......Page 436
 THE CONVERGENCE OF SYSTEMS......Page 438
 SUMMARY......Page 440
 References......Page 441
APPENDIX A: CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA......Page 444
APPENDIX B: STUDENT-FRIENDLY LEGAL WEBSITES......Page 460
GLOSSARY......Page 462
TABLE OF CASES......Page 486
PHOTO CREDITS......Page 493
INDEX......Page 494