Law and Practice of EU External Relations: Salient Features of a Changing Landscape

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Abbreviations......Page 10
Notes On Contributors......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 21
Introduction......Page 23
Part I Constitutional and institutional questions......Page 33
1.1 Introduction......Page 35
1.2 The earlier case law in brief......Page 37
1.3 Recent case law: direct effect......Page 38
1.3.2 Ergun Torun......Page 39
1.3.3 Pokrzeptowicz-Meyer......Page 40
1.3.4 Simutenkov......Page 41
1.3.6 Gattoussi......Page 43
1.4 Recent case law: interpretation......Page 45
1.4.2 From Głoszczuk to Ergun Torun......Page 46
1.5 Conclusions......Page 53
2.1 Introduction: the Laeken Declaration......Page 56
2.2.1 Capacity, legal personality and competence......Page 59
2.2.2 The question of legal base......Page 60
2.2.3 The boundaries of CFSP competence......Page 64
2.2.4 Express foreign policy competences......Page 68
2.2.5 Implied external competences......Page 72
2.3.1 Exclusive and shared competence......Page 81
2.3.2 CFSP competence and Members States' powers......Page 85
2.4 Conclusion......Page 89
3.1 Introduction......Page 92
3.2.1 Article 47 and the common provisions of Title I TEU......Page 93
3.2.2 The scope of the Union's CFSP competence......Page 95
3.3.1 The Airport Transit Visas case......Page 98
3.3.2 The Environmental Penalties case......Page 101
3.3.3 The Ship-source Pollution case......Page 103
3.3.4 Lessons of the case law on the first/pillar third pillar interface......Page 104
3.4.1 No identity of objectives between the pillars......Page 105
3.4.2 The possibility of an 'overlap effect'......Page 111
3.5 Article 47 and the parallelism between first and second pillar competences......Page 115
3.5.1 The negative reason......Page 116
3.5.2 The positive reason......Page 118
3.5.3 Exercising parallel first and second pillar competences......Page 119
3.6.1 The ECOWAS judgment......Page 120
3.6.2 The interaction between CFSP and TFEU competences under the new dispensation......Page 121
4.1 Introduction......Page 126
4.2 The CFI's approach in Yusuf and Kadi......Page 128
4.3 Critique from the perspective of international law......Page 132
4.4 Critique from the perspective of EC law......Page 140
4.5 Conclusion: review of EC Regulations implementing UN Resolutions as long as no effective remedy is available at international level......Page 148
5.1 Introduction......Page 151
5.2 The EU terrorist lists: machiavellian use of competence or genuine counter-terrorist response?......Page 152
5.3 Expanding Community competence beyond Community objectives: the adoption of Regulation 2580/2001......Page 155
5.4 The right to effective judicial protection and the foreign terrorist list......Page 159
5.5 The right of effective judicial protection and the domestic terrorist list......Page 166
5.6 Conclusions......Page 172
6.1 Introduction......Page 174
6.2 Shared competences in European foreign policy......Page 176
6.3.1 Conclusion of agreements by the Council......Page 180
6.3.2 Agreements on the participation of a third state in an EU operation......Page 182
6.3.3 Agreements on the status or activities of EU forces......Page 184
6.3.4 Agreements in the area of PJCCM......Page 189
6.3.5 Agreements on the exchange of classified information......Page 191
6.3.6 Agreements between the EU and other international organisations......Page 192
6.3.7 Agreements in the form of an Exchange of Letters......Page 193
6.3.8 Joint declarations and memoranda of understanding......Page 195
6.3.9 Agreements concluded by EU agencies......Page 196
6.4.1 National constitutional approval......Page 197
6.4.2 The role of the Member States in agreements concluded by international organisations......Page 200
6.4.3 Binding nature of the agreements under Union law......Page 204
6.5 Conclusion: mixed responsibilities for the Union and its Member States?......Page 206
7.1 Introduction......Page 210
7.2.1 Scope of competences......Page 211
Explicit affirmation of the principle......Page 212
Reduction of limits......Page 213
7.3 Overarching primary law context......Page 214
7.3.2 The obligation of substantive consistency......Page 215
7.3.3 Institutional means for consistency......Page 217
7.4.1 Substantive limits......Page 219
More 'parliamentarism'......Page 220
The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy......Page 221
7.4.3 Decision-making within the Council......Page 222
7.5 Conclusion......Page 223
8.1 Introduction......Page 224
8.2.1 Background to the dispute......Page 227
8.2.2 The seeds are sown for Council Regulation 2587/2001......Page 229
8.3 Biotechnology measures......Page 231
8.4 Measures enacted in the framework of the common organisation of the cereals market......Page 236
8.5 Measures on export subsidies for sugar......Page 238
8.6 Measures concerning the indication of geographical origin......Page 242
8.7 Conclusion......Page 244
Part II Bilateral and regional approaches......Page 247
9.2 Historical background......Page 249
9.3 The Bilateral Agreements between the EU and Switzerland......Page 252
9.3.1 Bilateral Agreements of 1999 (Bilateral Agreements I)......Page 253
The Agreement on Free Movement of Persons......Page 254
The Agreement on Air Transport......Page 255
The Agreement on the Carriage of Goods and Passengers by Rail......Page 256
Agreement on Mutual Recognition in relation to Conformity Assessment......Page 257
The Agreement on Certain Aspects of Government Procurement......Page 259
Legal bases and competences......Page 261
Institutional framework......Page 262
Reference to the case law of the ECJ......Page 263
Development of the law......Page 264
9.3.2 Bilateral Agreements of 2004 (Bilateral Agreements II)......Page 265
The Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Statistics......Page 266
The MEDIA Agreement......Page 267
The Schengen/Dublin Association Agreements......Page 268
The Agreement on the Taxation of Savings......Page 270
The Exchange of Letters concerning the participation in educational, vocational training and youth programmes......Page 271
Legal bases and competences......Page 272
Institutional framework......Page 273
Principle of 'equivalence of legislation'......Page 275
Principle of the 'acceptance of the acquis'......Page 276
9.3.3 Bilateral Agreements I and II and the Community legal order......Page 277
Interpretation of the Agreements by the ECJ......Page 280
Direct effect of the Agreements......Page 283
Cases pending before the ECJ/CFI......Page 284
9.4 A comparison between the Bilateral Agreements and the EEA Agreement......Page 285
9.4.2 Institutional framework......Page 286
9.4.3 Application of EC law, development of the law and reference to ECJ case law......Page 287
9.4.4 Participation in the EU legislative process......Page 288
9.5 Conclusion......Page 289
10.1 Introduction......Page 292
10.2 The micro-States' specificity as a determining factor in their relations with the EU......Page 294
Background......Page 295
Origin and context......Page 298
Contents......Page 301
Constitutional and international implications......Page 305
The 2004 Cooperation Agreement......Page 307
Background......Page 309
The 1991 Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union......Page 310
Background......Page 313
The 2003 Agreement on the application of certain Community acts......Page 316
Monaco and the Schengen Agreement......Page 318
10.3 The use of the euro in San Marino, Monaco and Andorra......Page 319
10.4 Bilateral agreements on taxation of savings income......Page 322
10.5 Conclusion......Page 326
11.1 Introduction......Page 331
11.2.1 Enlargement: an EU policy par excellence......Page 333
11.2.2 An integrated policy inspiring the ENP......Page 335
11.3.1 A 'political reorientation' of the PCAs......Page 340
11.3.2 Including compliance incentives and monitoring in the partnerships......Page 343
11.4.1 A contractual widening and deepening of the existing relationship......Page 346
11.4.2 An all-encompassing Association Agreement?......Page 348
11.4.3 A lasting arrangement?......Page 353
11.5 Conclusion......Page 355
12.1 Introduction......Page 356
12.2.1 The PCA extension dilemma: limits of a unilateral approach......Page 357
12.2.2 The legal and political consequences of the PCA extension......Page 361
12.3 The four Common Spaces: an innovative instrument of the EU’s external relations?......Page 363
12.4 Towards a new legal framework for the implementation of the Common Spaces road maps: challenges ahead......Page 368
12.4.1 Scenario 1: a new comprehensive framework agreement......Page 370
12.4.2 Scenario 2: updating the PCA to the realities of the Common Spaces agenda......Page 372
12.4.3 Scenario 3: a network of political dialogues and sectoral agreements......Page 373
12.5 The Common Spaces in relation to the Northern Dimension and the European Neighbourhood Policy: a confirmation of the ‘equal partnership’ approach......Page 375
12.6 Conclusion: challenges and opportunities surrounding the Common Spaces concept......Page 377
13.1 Introduction......Page 382
13.2.1 The Preliminary Report on ‘ Strengthening the EU’ s partnership with the Arab World’......Page 384
13.2.2 The Interim Report on an ‘ EU Strategic Partnership with the Mediterranean and the Middle East’......Page 386
13.3.1 The SPMME as an ‘ Overall Strategic Framework’......Page 388
13.3.2 Additional clarifications and new trends......Page 390
13.4.1 Bilateral and regional agreements (to be) concluded with the beneficiaries of the ‘ East of Jordan Track’......Page 391
13.4.2 The financing instruments for development cooperation and economic cooperation......Page 394
13.5 Conclusion......Page 396
14.1 Introduction: fundamentals of an enduring relationship......Page 398
14.2 The three post-World War II phases of the transatlantic relationship......Page 400
14.3 From the early beginnings to the end of the Cold War (1947 to 1989)......Page 402
14.4 From 'Eleven/Nine' 1989 to 'Nine/Eleven' 2001......Page 406
14.5 From Nine/Eleven 2001 to today’s New Realism......Page 411
14.6 Conclusion......Page 416
Part III Selected substantive areas......Page 421
15.1 Introduction......Page 423
15.2 The IP enforcement strategy: stated objectives and mechanisms......Page 425
15.2.1 Targeting countries......Page 426
15.2.2 Trade preferences as a leverage for TRIPS-plus......Page 427
15.2.4 IP political dialogue a rather meagre carrot, a sizeable stick......Page 429
15.2.5 Public-private partnership building......Page 431
15.3 Turning a blind eye......Page 432
15.3.1 Dispensing with a legal basis......Page 433
15.3.2 Silence as to potential root causes......Page 436
15.3.3 The unwarranted effect on EC trade policy......Page 444
15.4 Conclusion......Page 449
16.1 The Union's positive and negative green footprints......Page 451
16.1.1 Economic development has resulted in environmental degradation......Page 452
16.1.2 The external dimension of Community environmental policy......Page 453
6.1.3 The Lisbon Agenda and the future of sustainable development......Page 454
16.1.4 The impact of third countries on the success of Community action......Page 456
16.1.5 A new and ambitious Union energy strategy with a considerable external reach......Page 457
16.2 EU external relations and the environment: recent trends......Page 460
16.2.1 The seven thematic strategies......Page 463
16.2.2 The fifth and sixth enlargements......Page 465
16.2.3 The ECJ on the evolution of community environment law the PIC cases......Page 467
16.2.4 REACH......Page 470
16.2.5 MBIs and external relations: the example of the emissions trading system......Page 474
16.3 Conclusions......Page 479
TABLE OF TREATY PROVISIONS......Page 487
Index......Page 489