Law and Practice of Crowdfunding and Peer-to-Peer Lending in Australia, China and Japan

Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Legislation
About the Authors and Contributors
	Authors
	Contributors
Part I: Law and Practice of Crowdfunding and P2P Lending in Australia
	Chapter 1: Marketplace Lending and its Development in Australia
		1.1 Types of Crowdfunding and Peer-to-Peer Lending Models
		1.2 Development of the Industry
		1.3 P2P Lending Process
			1.3.1 Application Process
			1.3.2 Matching an Investor with the Borrower
			1.3.3 Account Set-up and On-going Management
		1.4 Operating Models
			1.4.1 Managed Investment Funds Model
			1.4.2 Securities Model
			1.4.3 Derivatives Model
			1.4.4 Financial Market Model
		1.5 International Comparison
			1.5.1 United Kingdom
			1.5.2 United States
		1.6 P2P Lending Product Lines
		1.7 Interest Rate and Fees
			1.7.1 Fees
	Chapter 2: Key Participants in Australia and Comparison of Peer-to-Peer Lenders with Traditional Banks
		2.1 Key Participants in Australia
		2.2 Role of the Industry
		2.3 Future of P2P Lending
		2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of P2P Lending
	Chapter 3: Challenges for P2P Lending Business Models and Banks
		3.1 Regulatory, Technological, Innovation and Marketing
			3.1.1 Regulatory Challenges
			3.1.2 Fraudulent Activities and P2P Lending Platforms
		3.2 P2P Lending and Technology
		3.3 Blockchain and P2P Lending
		3.4 Secondary Market for P2P Lending
		3.5 Information Asymmetry and Adverse Selection
		3.6 Liquidity Risks, High Leverage, and the Need for Guarantees
		3.7 Opportunities and Challenges: Future of the P2P Market
	Chapter 4: Development of Virtual Currency and ICOs in Australia
		4.1 Digital Currency, Virtual Currency and Cryptocurrency
		4.2 Digital Currencies: Risks and Opportunities
		4.3 The Bitcoin
		4.4 Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)
			4.4.1 Some Issues Pertaining to ICOs
		4.5 Regulation of ICOs in Australia
		4.6 Bitcoin and Other Cryptocurrencies in Australia: Tax Treatment
		4.7 Summary
	Chapter 5: Regulatory and Policy Reforms in P2P Lending in Australia
		5.1 Managed Investment Funds Model and P2P Lending
			5.1.1 MIS Regime for P2P Lending
			5.1.2 Operating Requirements
			5.1.3 Disclosure Obligations
		5.2 AFS Regime and P2P Lending
			5.2.1 Disclosure Obligations
			5.2.2 Operating Requirements
		5.3 Consumer Credit Regime and P2P Lending
			5.3.1 Responsible Lending Obligations
			5.3.2 Disclosure Obligations
			5.3.3 Operating Requirements
		5.4 Securities Model and P2P Lending
			5.4.1 Securities Regime
			5.4.2 Disclosure Obligations
			5.4.3 Operating Requirements
			5.4.4 AFS Regime for Securities Issuers
			5.4.5 Consumer Credit Regime for Securities Issuers
		5.5 Derivates Model and P2P Lending
			5.5.1 Derivatives Regime
			5.5.2 Operating Requirements
			5.5.3 AFS Regime for Derivatives Issue
			5.5.4 Consumer Credit Regime for Derivatives Issue
		5.6 Financial Market Model and P2P Lending
			5.6.1 Australian Market License Regime
			5.6.2 Consumer Credit Regime for Financial Market Operators
		5.7 Comparative Regulatory Frameworks
			5.7.1 Regulatory Approach in the United Kingdom
			5.7.2 Regulatory Approach in the United States
			5.7.3 Regulatory Approach in Australia for Crowd-Sourced Equity Funding
		5.8 Moving Forward
Part II: Law and Practice of Crowdfunding and P2P Lending in China
	Chapter 6: Marketplace Lending and its Development in China
		6.1 Relevant Background: Perspective of History and Market
		6.2 Types of Crowdfunding and Peer-to-Peer Lending Models
			6.2.1 Donation-Based Crowdfunding
			6.2.2 Reward-Based Crowdfunding
			6.2.3 Loan-Based Crowdfunding (P2P Lending)
			6.2.4 Equity-Based Crowdfunding
		6.3 Scenarios of Typical Fraud by P2P Lending in China
			6.3.1 Case Analysis: Ezubao
			6.3.2 Analysis of Fraud Cases
		6.4 Summary
	Chapter 7: Virtual Currencies, ICOs and Central Bank Digital Currencies in China
		7.1 Virtual Currencies in China
			7.1.1 The Development of Virtual Currencies in China
			7.1.2 The Risks of Virtual Currencies and China’s Policies and Laws
		7.2 ICOs in China
			7.2.1 The Chaos Brought by ICOs in China
			7.2.2 China’s Laws and Policies Prohibiting ICOs
			7.2.3 STO and NFT in China
		7.3 Central Bank Digital Currencies (Digital RMB) in China
		7.4 Summary
	Chapter 8: New Financial Regulatory Mode and Regulatory Technology in China
		8.1 Background: Emergence of FinTech
		8.2 Challenges: Characteristics and Risks of FinTech
			8.2.1 New Characteristics of FinTech
				8.2.1.1 Morphological Digitisation
				8.2.1.2 Service Networking
				8.2.1.3 Scene Diversification
				8.2.1.4 Intelligent Service
				8.2.1.5 Intensive Operation
			8.2.2 New Risks of FinTech
				8.2.2.1 Insufficient Permeability of Financial Innovation Supervision
				8.2.2.2 The Lag of Financial Innovation Supervision
				8.2.2.3 Hard to Guarantee the Regulatory Consistency
				8.2.2.4 High Regulatory and Compliance Costs
		8.3 Response: Two-Dimensional Supervision with Chinese Characteristics
			8.3.1 Chinese Style RegTech and Technology Driven Supervision
			8.3.2 Regulatory Sandbox and Supervision Pilot of FinTech in China
				8.3.2.1 Operation Mode of Regulatory Sandbox with Chinese Characteristics
				8.3.2.2 The Pilot of Financial Science and Technology Innovation Supervision
				8.3.2.3 Expansion of Regulatory Pilot Scope
			8.3.3 Characteristics of Pilot Work of Financial Science and Technology Innovation Supervision
				8.3.3.1 Regulatory Philosophy
				8.3.3.2 Workflow
				8.3.3.3 Main Features
		8.4 Cases: State of RegTech Development in China
			8.4.1 Digital Bill Trading Platform
			8.4.2 Artificial Intelligence Anti Money Laundering Monitoring System
			8.4.3 Enterprise Intelligent Supervision System
			8.4.4 Bank Risk Early Warning System
			8.4.5 “Smoke Index”: A Comprehensive Financial Supervision Platform
			8.4.6 Know Your Business/Customer System
		8.5 Optimisation: An Improvement Plan for China’s New Regulatory Model and RegTech
			8.5.1 Macro Top-Level Design
			8.5.2 Micro Operational Mechanism
			8.5.3 Consumer Protection Mechanism
			8.5.4 Data Protection Specification
		8.6 Conclusion
Part III: Law and Practice of Crowdfunding and P2P Lending in Japan
	Chapter 9: Marketplace Lending and its Development in Japan
		9.1 Types of Crowdfunding and Peer-to-Peer Lending Models
			9.1.1 Donation-Type Crowdfunding
			9.1.2 Purchase-Type Crowdfunding
			9.1.3 Loan-Type Crowdfunding (P2P Lending)
			9.1.4 Equity-Type Crowdfunding
		9.2 Development of Crowdfunding and P2P Lending in Japan
			9.2.1 General Background
			9.2.2 The Rise of Social Lending (P2P Lending)
			9.2.3 From Social Lending to Purchase Type Crowdfunding
			9.2.4 The Beginning of Equity-Type Crowdfunding
			9.2.5 Different Popularity of Crowdfunding
			9.2.6 COVID-19 and Crowdfunding
	Chapter 10: Regulation of Crowdfunding and P2P Lending in Japan
		10.1 Regulation for Donation-Type Crowdfunding
		10.2 Regulation for Purchase-Type Crowdfunding
		10.3 Regulation for Loan-Type Crowdfunding/P2P Lending
			10.3.1 Two Regulatory Frameworks
			10.3.2 Financial Scandals and Regulatory Flaws
				10.3.2.1 MINNANO CREDIT Case
				10.3.2.2 Maneo Case
				10.3.2.3 Self-Regulation of Industry Group
			10.3.3 Civil Liability of Platform
			10.3.4 Other Challenges
		10.4 Regulation for Equity-Type Crowdfunding
			10.4.1 Equity-Type Crowdfunding
			10.4.2 The 2014 Reform
			10.4.3 Self-Regulation
			10.4.4 Further Deregulation
		10.5 Summary: Future of Crowdfunding Business and Regulation
	Chapter 11: Regulatory and Policy Reforms in Japan
		11.1 Bitcoin and Virtual Currency
			11.1.1 Virtual Currency
			11.1.2 Reform of Payment Services Act
				11.1.2.1 Definition of Virtual Currencies
				11.1.2.2 Regulation of Virtual Currencies
				11.1.2.3 Scandals of Virtual Currency Exchanges
				11.1.2.4 Hard Law or Soft Law?
		11.2 Private Law Issues
			11.2.1 Bankruptcy of Virtual Currency Exchanges
			11.2.2 Unauthorised Access to Exchange Accounts
			11.2.3 Duty of Exchanges
			11.2.4 Hard Fork of Virtual Currencies
		11.3 Initial Coin Offerings
			11.3.1 ICO
			11.3.2 ICO Regulation in Japan
		11.4 Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)
	Chapter 12: Unique Features of Crowdfunding and P2P Lending Regulation in Australia, China and Japan
Bibliography