Latvian: An Essential Grammar

Latvian An Essential Grammar......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Abbreviations......Page 11
1.1 Development of the Latvian language......Page 12
1.2 The Latvian language today......Page 14
1.3 Latvian dialects – latviešu valodas dialekti......Page 15
2.1 Vowels – patskani......Page 18
2.2 Diphthongs – divskani......Page 22
2.3 Consonants – lidzskani......Page 23
2.4 Sound changes – skanu parmainas......Page 25
2.5 Word stress – varda uzsvars......Page 27
2.6 Tone – intonacija......Page 29
2.8 The alphabet – alfabets......Page 30
2.9 Word division – vardu dališana......Page 31
2.10 Capitalization – lielo sakumburtu lietošana......Page 32
2.11 Foreign names – citvalodu ipašvardi......Page 34
3.1 Grammatical categories – gramatiskas kategorijas......Page 35
3.2 Declension – deklinešana......Page 38
3.3 Diminutives – deminutivi, pamazinamie lietvardi......Page 49
3.4 Noun formation – lietvardu darinašana......Page 52
4.1 Personal pronouns – personu vietniekvardi......Page 62
4.2 Possessive pronouns – piederibas vietniekvardi......Page 65
4.3 Reflexive personal pronoun – atgriezeniskais vietniekvards......Page 67
4.4 Demonstrative pronouns – noradamie vietniekvardi......Page 68
4.5 Interrogative pronouns – jautajamie vietniekvardi......Page 69
4.6 Relative pronouns – attieksmes vietniekvardi......Page 71
4.7 Indefinite pronouns – nenoteiktie vietniekvardi......Page 72
4.8 Definite pronouns – noteiktie vietniekvardi......Page 73
4.9 Negative pronouns – noliedzamie, noliegtie vietniekvardi......Page 74
4.10 Emphatic pronoun – noteicamais vietniekvards......Page 75
4.11 Reciprocal pronouns – vietniekvardi, kuri norada uz savstarpejam attieksmem......Page 76
5.1 Indefinite endings – nenoteiktas galotnes......Page 77
5.2 Definite endings – noteiktas galotnes......Page 79
5.3 Degrees of comparison – salcdzinamas pakapes......Page 82
5.4 Formation of adjectives – ipašcbas vardu darinašana......Page 84
6.1 Cause and purpose – cbloxa un noleka apstakva vardi......Page 88
6.2 Degree – mbra apstakva vardi......Page 89
6.3 Indefinite and negative adverbs – nenoteiktie un negativie apstakla vardi......Page 90
6.5 Manner – veida apstakla vardi......Page 91
6.7 Time – laika apstakla vardi......Page 92
6.8 Comparison of adverbs – apstakla vardu salidzinamas pakapes......Page 93
6.10 Impersonal constructions......Page 94
6.11 Writing and pronouncing adverbs – apstakla vardu pareizrakstiba un pareizruna......Page 95
6.12 Formation of adverbs – apstakla vardu darinašana......Page 96
7.1 Cardinal numbers – pamata skaitla vardi......Page 98
7.2 Declension of numbers and their grammatical use......Page 100
7.3 Ordinal numbers – kartas skaitla vardi......Page 104
7.4 Fractions and decimals – dalskaitli un decimaldalskaitli......Page 105
7.6 Definite and indefinite quantifiers......Page 107
7.7 Telling the time – pulkstena laiks......Page 109
7.8 Days of the week, months, dates......Page 112
8.1 Verb forms and categories......Page 115
8.2 Conjugation of simple tenses – vienkaršo laiku konjugacija......Page 117
8.3 Tenses – laiki......Page 150
8.4 Imperfective and perfective aspect – nepabeigtie un pabeigtie darbibas veidi......Page 157
8.5 Active and passive voice – darama un ciešama karta......Page 160
8.6 Infinitives – nenoteiksme......Page 162
8.7 Participles – divdabji......Page 163
8.8 Mood – izteiksme......Page 169
8.9 Verb formation – darbibas vardu darinašana......Page 177
9.1 Prepositions and case......Page 180
9.2 Plurals......Page 184
9.3 Postpositions......Page 185
9.4 Semi-prepositions/semi-postpositions – pusprievardi......Page 186
9.5 Prepositions and verb prefixes......Page 187
10.1 Coordinating conjunctions – sakartojuma saikli......Page 188
10.2 Subordinating conjunctions – pakartojuma saikli......Page 192
11.1 Nominative – nominativs......Page 197
11.2 The genitive – genitivs......Page 199
11.3 The dative – dativs......Page 203
11.4 The accusative – akuzativs......Page 211
11.5 The locative – lokativs......Page 213
11.6 The vocative – vokativs......Page 216
11.7 The instrumental – instrumentalis......Page 218
12.1 Word order – vardu seciba......Page 219
12.2 Members of a sentence – teikuma locekli......Page 222
12.4 Questions – jautajuma teikumi......Page 223
12.5 Full stop – punkts (.)......Page 224
12.7 Comma – komats (,)......Page 225
12.8 Semi-colon – semikols (;)......Page 226
12.11 Double quotation marks – pedinas („ ”, « »)......Page 227
12.12 Apostrophe – apostrofs (’)......Page 228
Appendix 1 Second-/third-conjugation verbs ending in -et/-eties......Page 229
Appendix 2 Reverse retrieval of verbs and nouns......Page 232
Bibliography......Page 250
Internet resources......Page 253
Index
......Page 256