Latin American Politics and Development

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Illustrations
List of Contributors
Preface to the Tenth Edition
Part I The Latin American Tradition and Process of Development
	Introduction
		A Framework for Analysis
			Changes in Political Culture
			Economic Change
			Social Change
			Political Institutions
			Public Policy
			The International Environment
			The Coronavirus Pandemic
		Conclusion: The Crucial Questions
	1 The Context of Latin American Politics
		The Land and the People
		The Latin American Economies
		Classes and Social Forces
		Changing Political Values
		Latin America in the Time of COVID-19
		Notes
	2 A Brief History of Latin America
		The Conquest
		Colonial Society
		Roots of Independence
		The New Countries After Independence
		Early Economic Change
		Upheaval and Restructuring
		Notes
	3 State Institutions and Public Policy
		National Institutions
			The Presidency
			Legislatures
			Courts
		Regional and Local Government
		Fourth Branch of Government: The Autonomous State Agencies
		Public Policy Today
			Corruption
			Violence and Organized Crime
			The COVID-19 Pandemic
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	4 Actors, Interest Groups, and Political Parties
		Introduction
		The Traditional Oligarchy
			Large Landowners
			The Armed Forces
			The Roman Catholic Church
		Other Major Interest Groups
			Commercial and Industrial Elites
			The Middle Class
			Labor Unions
			Rural Sectors
		Emerging Actors
			Indigenous Groups
			Afro-Descendant Groups
			Women’s Groups
			LGBT+ Rights Groups
		Political Parties
		Conclusion and Implications
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	5 The Political Economy of Latin America
		Introduction
		The Colonial Economy
		Liberalism and the Development of Export Commodities
		Import Substitution and Statism
		Debt and Latin America’s “Lost Decade”
		Free Trade, Globalization, and Their Discontents
		Toward Sustainable Development
			Poverty and Inequality
		The Informal Sector
		The Environment and Development
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	6 Latin America and the United States
		Introduction
		Relations in the Early Years
		The Cold War
		Since the End of the Cold War
			Democracy
			Drugs
			Immigration
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	7 The Struggle for Democracy in Latin America
		Latin American Context for Democracy
		Democracy in Contemporary Latin America
			Measuring Democracy in Latin America
			Citizen Support for Democracy
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
Part II The Political Systems of South America
	8 Argentina: The Economic Tango Continues
		Historical Background
			The Peronist Watershed
			Peronism in Exile
			Military-Sponsored Terror
			Transition to Democracy
			Peronism Takes a Turn to the Right
			Total Chaos Afoot
			Kirchnerismo
			Macri and a Swing of the Pendulum
			Peronism Yet Again
		Argentina – Society and Political Culture
		Argentina – Political Institutions and Democratic Processes
			Hyper-Presidentialism Continues Apace in Argentina
			Political Parties
		Argentina – Economic Tango
		Argentine Social Change
		Argentina and COVID-19
		The International Environment
		Conclusion
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	9 Brazil: Polarization and Elite Rule
		Introduction
		Political Evolution and Historical Framework for Analysis
		Political Institutions and Culture
		Corruption
		Economic Evolution
		Social and Racial Structures
		Violence
		Foreign Policy
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	10 Chile: From Democracy to Dictatorship and Back
		Introduction
		Oligarchic Politics and the Roots of Chilean Democracy
		The Parliamentary Republic (1891–1925)
		The 1925 Constitution, the Estado De Compromiso, Tres Tercios, and the Game of Shifting Alliances: 1925–1973
		Dual Crises: The End of the Coalitional Game and the Estado De Compromiso
		The 1973 Military Coup
		Military Rule and Political and Economic Transformation
		The Democratic Transition
			The Return of Democracy and Post-Authoritarian Governments
		The “Estallido,” Pandemic, and Constitutional Convention
		Conclusion
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	11 Colombia: Coping With Multiple Transitions
		Demographic, Topological, and Economic Characteristics
		Political History of the Nation Through 1974
		Characteristics of the Political System
			Political Parties and Interest Groups
		The Increasing Violence After the 1970s
			The Guerrilla Groups
			Paramilitary Groups
			The Drug Traders
		Efforts to End Violence
			The Drug Trade
			The Paramilitary Groups
			The Guerrilla Groups
		The Pandemic
		Other Public Policy Issues
			Other Forms of Violence
			Migration
			Social Unrest
			Corruption
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	12 Peru: Will Democracy Outlast Political Dysfunction?
		Early Political History and Military Rule
		Transition to Democracy
			The Fujimori Era
			The Return of Competitive Elections
		The 2016 Presidential Elections and the Start of Political Dysfunction
		The 2021 Elections and the Deepening of Political Dysfunction
		Economic Change
		The Impact of COVID-19
		Social Change
		Political Institutions
		Public Policy
		The International Environment
		Conclusion
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	13 Venezuela: A Revolutionary Petrostate Under Stress
		Background
			Geography
			Economy
		History
		Political Turmoil Between 2017 and 2021
		Petrostate’s Failure and Adjustment of the Regime
		Venezuela’s Geopolitics: Moving Away From the West
		Civil–Military Relations
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	14 Uruguay: An Early Democracy and Welfare State in South America
		Introduction
		History of the Uruguayan Model of Development
			The Batlle Reforms and Their End
			The Civilian Dictatorship (1934–1942)
			The Restoration of Democracy
			The Deepening of the Crisis and the Deterioration of Democracy
			The Dictatorship and the Transition to Democracy
			The Return to Democracy
		The Luis Lacalle Pou Government and the Pandemic
		Political Structure, Parties, and Groups
			Political Structure
			Political Parties
			Social Groups
		Political Economy
		Conclusion
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	15 Paraguay: Consolidation of Limited Democracy
		Introduction
		History
			Colonial Period
			Nationalist Period (1811–1870)
			Liberal Period (1870–1936)
			Military Period
			Transition to Democracy (1989–1993)
		Political Institutions and Processes
			Executive
			Legislature
			Judiciary
			Decentralization
		Political Actors
			The Military
			Political Parties
			Elections
		Civil Society
		Public Administration and Economic Development
			Economic Structure
			Political Economy
		The Pandemic and Paraguay’s Future
			Paraguay’s Future
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	16 Bolivia: Between Reform and Revolution
		Political Culture
		Economic Change
		Social Change
		Political Institutions
			Decentralization
			Elections and Parties
			Judicial Reforms
		Public Policy
		International Environment
		Coronavirus Pandemic
		The Crucial Questions
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	17 Ecuador: The Return of Neoliberal Ghosts With Pandemic Woes
		Introduction
		Land and People
		Historical Background
		Political Development Since the 1979 Democratic Transition
			Correa and the Citizens’ Revolution
			Re-founding the Nation
			The End of the Citizens´ Revolution
		Social Change and the Rise of Civil Society
		Political Institutions
		Political Economy: Oil and the Quest for Development
		Public Policy: Pendulum Swings Between the Developmental and Neoliberal State
		International Relations
		The Coronavirus Pandemic
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
Part III The Political Systems of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
	18 Mexico: Pluralism, Violence, and a Populist Backlash
		Introduction
		The Post-Revolutionary Regime
		Economic, Political and Social Transition
		New Old Problems
		A Populist Backlash
		“Taming” COVID-19
		Foreign Relations
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	19 Cuba: Revolution in the Balance?
		Introduction
		History, Political Culture, and Early Development
			Struggles for Independence, 1868–1901
			The Political Development of Prerevolutionary Cuba
			Social Democracy and Authoritarianism in the 1940s and 1950s
		The Cuban Revolution
		Institutionalization and Crisis: Economy, Government, and Society, 1976–2021
			The Economy
			The Cuban Communist Party (PCC)
			The Central Government
			Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR)
		Cuba After Fidel and Raúl: Change Or Continuity?
		Contemporary Cuban Social Policy
		The International Arena
			US-Cuba Relations
		COVID-19 Response and the July 11 Movement
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	20 Costa Rica: Tensions and Uncertainty in Latin America’s Most Stable Democracy
		Introduction
		Brief History and Political Development
		Contemporary Politics
			Elections in the Most Stable Democracy in the Region
			Overcoming Gridlock
			Corruption Scandals
			Social Policy
		Costa Rican Economy
		Environmental Issues
		Foreign Relations
		Infection Rates and Government Responses to COVID-19
		The 2022 National Election
		Conclusions
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	21 Nicaragua: The Resurgence of Authoritarian Rule
		History
		Demography and Social Policy
		Political Culture
		Political Institutions and Parties
		Dismantling Democracy
		Economic and Social Structure
		International Relations
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	22 El Salvador: Democracy in Peril?
		Introduction
		Historical Background
			Independence and the Repressive, Exclusionary State
			The Civil War
			The Peace Accords
		Social and Class Structure, and Interest Groups
			Social and Class Structure
			The Churches and Social Change
			Elites and Business
		Political Parties and Elections
		Post-war Public Policy
			From Neoliberalism to Bitcoin
			Public Insecurity: Gangs and Violence
			Corruption, Impunity, and Rule of Law
			COVID-19
		Globalization and Interdependence
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	23 Guatemala: The Ongoing Struggle Against Corruption and Impunity
		Introduction
		Historical Background
			Ten Years of Spring
			Thirty-Six Years of War
			The Transition to Civil Rule
		Social and Economic Structure and Civil Society
		The State
		Political System
		Contemporary Public Policy
		International Environment
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	24 Honduras: Inequality and Social Crisis
		Introduction
		Military Populism and the Politics of Bipartidismo
		The Octopus and the Bananas
		The Making of the USS Honduras
		2009: Constitutional Crisis as Coup D’État
		The Rise of the Narco-State
		Popular Cultures of Opposition
		The Restructuring of a Nation
		Conclusion: Crises and Caravans
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	25 Panama: Political Culture and the Struggle to Build Democracy
		Introduction
		Historical Roots of the Political Culture
			The New Nation, 1903–1968
			The Military Regime, 1968–1989
			Demilitarization and Democratization
				Electoral Politics
				Executive-Legislative Relations
				“Juega Vivo”: The Culture of Corruption
		A Dual Economy: Development, Inequality, and the Panama Canal
		Social Movements: Women, Afro-Panamanians, and Indigenous Peoples
		COVID-19
		Conclusion
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	26 The Dominican Republic: Democracy, Still a Work in Progress
		Introduction
		Background
		The Making of a Republic
			A Brutal Dictatorship
			State-Society Relations After Trujillo
		Economic Transformation
		Social Changes
		Dominican Civil Society
		Support for Democracy
		Society and Social Issues
		Crime, Violence, and Citizen Security
		Public Policies
		International and Transnational
		Conclusion: Risks and Opportunities
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	27 Haiti: Searching for Modern Governance
		Introduction
		Haiti and the Culture of Dysfunctional Politics
		Governance and Policymaking
		Economic and Social Change
		Political Institutions
		The International Environment
		Conclusion: Critical Questions
		Notes
		Suggestions for Further Reading
Index