Latin America and its People

CONTENTS
Lz ofFeabres xvi
List of Maps and Color Rams xviii
Map of National Capitals xx
Preface xxi
About the Authors xxviii
1
THE FIRST PEOPLES
OF THE AMERICAS 1
The First Americans 2
Coming to America 2
Subsistence Strategies and the Development of Agriculture 2
Sedentary Communities and Ceremonial Centers 5
Ceremonial Centers in Mexico and Peru 8
The Olmec: \"Mother Culture\" of Mexico? 8
Chavin de Huantar in Peru 10
The Cities of Classic Mesoamerica 12
Monte Alban 12
Teotihuacan 13
Maya Civilization in the Classic Ent 15
Peru After Chavin 19
The Moche 19
The Nazca 21
Tiwanaku 22
The Wari Empire 23
Mesoa.merica and Peru, 900-1400 Cm 24
The Toltecs 24
The Mix\' tecs of Oaxaca 26
The Post-Classic Maya 26
Peru after Tiwanaku and Wari 27
The World of Early Americans 29
People and \'their Environment 30
CONTENTS
Early Americans and Their Beliefs 31
Communities, States, and War 32
Conclusion 33
Learning More About Latin Arnerica.ns 34
How Hilda:lint Undontand ARCHAEOLOGY, LITERACY, AND THE STUDY OF HISTORY 6
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES PACAL THE GREAT, KING OF PALENGUE, 603-683 C.E. 16
SIICi al 1.118 THE CRAFT WORKERS OF CHAN CHAN, 1400 C.E. 28
2
AMERICANS AND IBERIANS
ON THE EVE OF CONTACT 3 5
Mesoamerica in the Fifteenth Century 35
The Rise of the Mexica 36
Mexica Statecraft 39
Modca. Religion 40
Everyday Life in the Time of the Mexica 41
Mesoarnerica on the Eve of the Spanish Invasion 43
The Andes in the Fifteenth Century 46
The Rise of the Incas 46
Inca Statecraft 48
Andean Religion in the Time of the Incas 50
Everyday Life in the Time of the Incas 51
The Aztecs and Incas Compared 54
The Diversity of American Peoples 57
The Tacos and Caribs 58
The Tupi of Coastal Brazil 60
The \'Pueblo\' Peoples of New Mexico 60
The Spanish and the Portuguese 61
Centuries of Conquest 62
Medieval Iberia and the Recon.quista 63
Iberian Iknonaschies in the Fifteenth Century 65
The Breakdown of Iberian \'Convivencia\" 65
Iberian Society in the Fifteenth Century 67
Iberia and the Beginnings of Overseas Expansion 68
Conclusion 69
Learning More About Latin Americans 71
CONTENTS V
How Historians Understand CouriNG PEOPII i PAST SOCIETIES 44
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES TANTA CARHUA, EINDE OF THE SUN 52
SUN Of Li% THE MARKETPLACE AT TLATELOLCO 56
3
THE EUROPEAN CONQUEST
OF AMERICA 7 2
The Europeans Arrive 73
Columbus and the First Encounters 7.3
The Caribbean Colonies 75
The Portuguese in Brazil 76
The Spanish in Mesoarnerica and the Andes 80
Cortes and the Aztecs 80
The Search for \"Otro Mbrico\" 8.5
The FIZETITOS and the Incas 86
Military Conquest or Strategic Alliance? 87
Building a Colonial Society 89
The Ecological Conquest 90
Conquistadors, Encomenderos, and Native Peoples 91
A Multiracial Society in Formation 93
The \"Spiritual Conquest\" of Latin America 95
Early Evangelization 96
The Impact of Evangelization 98
Resistance to Christianity 99
The Consolidation of Colonial Empires 101
The Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru 101
The Spanish Colonial Bureaucracy 102
Royal Government in Brazil 104
The Church in Spanish America and Brazil 104
The Spanish and Portuguese Empires 106
Conclusion 107
Learning More About Latin Americans 108
How Historians Understand MALINCHE AND THE USES OF HISTORICAL MEMORY 82
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES BARTOLOME DE LAS ASAS, 1414-1%6 77
811C111. DI Litt THE CUZCO CABILDO FOUNDS A CONVENT, 1551 95
VI NTS
4
THE IBERIANS\' NEW WORLD 11
The Lure of Precious Metals 111
The Silver Boom 111
Labor and Technology in Silver Mining 112
Procuring a Labor Supply 113
Gold Mining in Brazil 1 L7
Agriculture 118
Sugar Plantations 118
Haciendas and Ranches 123
Landownership 125
Landed Elites 126
Rural Society 131
Trade and Transportation 132
international Commerce 132
Overland Transport 134
Merchants 134
Mercantile REM:rid:ions 135
Cities and Towns in the Iberians\' New World 136
Capital Cities 137
Provincial Capitals and Other Towns 138
Urban Amenities 139
Urban Working Classes 140
Conclusion 141
Learning More About Latin Americana 142
Haw Historians Understand DOCUMENTING COLONIAL ENTERPRISE 128
LATIN AMERICAN uvEs ANTONIO bli.}PEZ OE ClUIROGA, BOLIVIAN
ENTREPRENEUR 114
Slice el Lilo THE SAFRA IN COLONIAL BRAZIL 121
CONTENTS VIT
5
THE AMERINDIANS?
CHANGING WORLD 144
Native Communities in Mesoamerica, and the Andes 145
Shifting Populations in the Republica de Indios 146
Local Government in the Repdblica de Indios 148
Subsistence and Survival in the Republica. de Indios 150
Native Communities and the Cash Economy 153
Families arid Households in the Rept.iblica. de Indios 154
Religion and Community Life in the Republica. de Indios 155
Natives as Catholics 156
Belief and Practice in the Republica de Indios 1.57
Religion and Community Identity 159
Mission Indians 162
Jesuit and Franciscan Missions 162
Native Peoples in the Jesuit and Franciscan Missions i66
Mission Indians and Colonial Society 166
Native Peoples and the Colonial Order 167
Indians in the Republica de Espaholes 168
\"Indios Birharos\" 170
Regional Revolts 171
Native Historical Memory and the Colonial Order 172
Conclusion 175
Learning More About Latin Americans 176
Harr Historian Understand MEASURING ACCULTURATION USING INDIGENOUS
LANGUAGE SOURCES 160
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES FELIPE GUAMAN POMA DE AYALA 174
Slice c1 Life THE INDIANS OF OAXTEPEC DEFEND THEIR LAND ANO WATER 151
VIII CONTENTS
A NEW PEOPLE AND
THEIR WORLD 177
The Making of Multiethnic Societies 178
Spanish and Portuguese Immigrants 178
Creoles 180
Mestizos and Mamelucos 180
African Slaves 181
Slave Resistance 182
Maroon Communities 183
Free Blacks and Mulattos 184
Race and Class in Colonial Latin America 186
Social and Cultural Definitions of Race 186
Class and Ethnicity 190
Honor, Gender, and Patriarchy 191
Honor and the Patriarchal Family 192
Marriage and the Family 193
Honor and Sexuality 194
Honor and Homosexuality 195
The Limits of Patriarchy 196
Convents: \"Islands of Women\' 199
Convents arid Colonial Society 202
Conformity and Defiance in Colonial Society 203
The Social Etiquette of Everyday Life 204
The Administration ofJustice 205
The Inquisition and Deviant Behavior 206
Rituals of Rule 207
Scatological Songs and Dances of Defiance 208
Conclusion 210
Learning More About Latin Americans 211
How 1111101as Undorsland PARISH REGISTERS AND THE STUDY OF
COLONIAL SOCIETY 188
CONTENTS
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES JUANA OE COINS, BAKER IN CHIHUAHUA 198
VICO Of Life CORPUS CHRISTI IN CUZCO 209
7
THE SHIFTING FORTUNES
OF COLONIAL EMPIRES 212
The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in Eighteenth-Century
Politics 213
Great Britain and Latin America 213
The Seven Years\' War 216
The American Revolution and Latin America 217
The French Revolution and Latin America 218
The Haitian Revolution 220
The Bourbon and Pombaline Reforms 221
Defending the Spanish Empire 222
Administrative Restructuring and New Viceroyalties 223
The Power of the Church 224
Economic Development 227
Latin American Peoples in the Age of Revolution 231
Social Change in the Late Colonial Period 232
The Changing Face of Colonial Cities 234
The Enlightenment in Latin America 235
Resistance and Rebellion in the Late Colonial Period 237
Developing Creole Consciousness 238
Resistance to the Bourbon Reforms 239
Conspiracies in Brazil 239
The Great Rebellion in Peru 241
Conclusion 243
Learning More About Latin Americans 244
Hew HIMlins undirstand REVISIONISM AND THE DEBATE OVER COMPARATIVE SLAVERY 228
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES JOSE GABRIEL CONOORCANW, TUPAC AMARU II 240
SHOO of Lilo THE ROYAL TOBACCO FACTORY IN MEXICO CITY 225
X CONTENTS
8
THE NEW NATIONS
OF LATIN AMERICA 245
Spanish America and the Crisis of 1808 246
Spain and the Nap-oteonic Invasion 247
Representative Government in Spain and America, 18.08-1814 247
The \"American Question\" 251
Spanish American Grievances and the Crisis of 1808 252
Mexico 253
Venezuela 255
Argentina 255
Spanish American Independence 256
The Final Campaigns 256
Regional Conflicts in the Spanish American Struggle for
Independence 262
The Independence of Brazil 264
The Portuguese Monarchy in Brazil 264
Popular Unrest in Brazil 265
The Culmination of Brazilian Independence 266
The Meaning of Independence 267
Conclusion 271
Learning More About Latin Americans 272
How Historians Understand WERE THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE THE TURNING POINT? 248
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Jost ANTONIO APONTE, SCULPTOR OF HAVANA 258
Slice of Life THE 16TH OF SEPTEMBER: INDEPENDENCE DAY IN MEXICO 268
9
REGIONALISM, WAR,
AND RECONSTRUCTION: POLITICS
AND ECONOMICS, 1821-1880 274
Dilemmas of Nationhood 275
Who Governs and What Form of Government? 275
Federalism/Centralism and Liberalism/Conservatism 277
CONTENTS
The Challenge of Regionalism 278
Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, and Central America 279
Brazil and Chile 284
A Century of War 28
Wars of Political Consolidation 285
Infra-Regional Wars 287
Foreign Wars 288
Civil Wars 289
The Impact of War 292
Popular Participation 295
Caudillos 298
The Challenge of Economic Recovery 303
Obstacles to Development 303
Export Economies 304
Conclusion 306
Learning More About Latin Americans 308
How Historians Understand Beam JuAREz: THE MAKING OF A MThi 280
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES DR. FRANCIA 300
Slice of Lila THE PARIAH Riot MEXICO CITY, 1B28 296
10
EVERYDAY LIFE IN AN
UNCERTAIN AGE,
1821-1880 309
The People 310
The Large Estates: Haciendas, Estancias, Plantations,
Fazendas 31I
Work Life 312
Domestic Life 317
Plantations and Slavery 319
Villages and Small Holders 323
Religion 326
Urban Life and Societal Transformation 326
The Cities 327
Transformations 329
KU CONTENTS
Food, Clothing, Shelter, and Entertainment 332
Food 332
Clothing 333
Shelter 334
Entertainment 336
Conclwdon 338
Learning More About Latin Americans 338
Now 11111orians Understand THE CONSTRUCTION OF RACISM 320
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES THE GAUCHO 314
Slice et Life URBAN SLAVES 318
11
ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS,
1880-1920 340
Economic Modernization 342
Exports 342
The Downside of Export-Led Modernization 344
Railroads 346
Modernization and Social Change 347
Population Increase 347
New Classes, New Voices 348
Rural Discontent 352
Mass Movements of People 353
Politics in the Age of Modernization 354
A Moderni\' ed Military 355
The Rule of the Ranchers and Planter- Argentina and Brazil 356
Democracy in Chile 358
The Aristocratic Republic: Peru 359
Dictatorship: Mexico 361
Modernization and Resistance 363
Indigenous Peoples 36.4

CONTENTS XIII
Resistance in the Countryside 364
The Mexican Revolution. 365
Conclusion 368
Learning More About Latin Americana 369
HP Historians Undsrstond Wily Do PEOPLE REBEL? 356
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES LUIS TEFiRIM, CATTLE BARON OF CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO 360
Slice OP Life A CHILEAN MINING CAMP 350
12
BETWEEN REVOLUTIONS: THE NEW
POLITICS or CLASS AND THE
ECONOMIES OF IMPORT
SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION,
1920-1959 370
Three Crises and the Beginnings a Intensified Government
Involvement in the Economy, 1920-1945 372
The Aftermath of World War I 372
The Great Depression 373
World War II 377
Peacetime Economies 377
Dictators and Populists 379
The 1920s 380
Depression and War 387
Peacetime Politics 392
Failure of the Left and Right 393
Women\'s Suffrage 395
Conclusion 396
Learning More About Latin Americans 398
Hisiorlins undertind REcoNsmentio TFIESEAM TRAGV {TRAGIC WEEK) iN
ARGENTINE i-IMTORY 382
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES ELVIA AND FELIPE CARRILLO PUERTO 386
line ol Lire COLOMIIIAN COPPEE FARM IN 1925 374

XIV CONTENTS
13
PEOPLE AND PROGRESS,
1910-1959 399
Socialization in the Factory and the Mine: Proletarianization
and Patriarchy 401
A Miner\'s Day at El Teniente 408
Urbanization and Social Change 410
The Cities 410
Life on the Edge: The Middle i s 411
La aka Moderiul 415
Popular and High Culture 417
Conclusion 423
Learning More About Latin Americans 42.3
Ravi Hisiorians Understand THE VOICE OF THE LOWER CLASSES 412
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES FRIDA KAHL° 421
Slice of ilia VILLAGE LIFE IN PERtI 403
14
REVOLUTION gREACTION,
DEMOCRACY, AND THE
NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY,
1959 TO THE PRESENT 425
The Revolutions: Cuba, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Peru, and Colombia 427
Cuba 427
Nicaragua 430
El Salvador 432
Guatemala 433
Peru 433
Colombia 436
The Tyrannies: Brazil, Argentina, and at& 436
Brazil 438

CONTENTS XV
Argentina 440
Chile 444
The Exception: Mexico 448
Resurgent Democracy and the \"Pink Tide\" 449
The Struggle for Control of Everyday Life 452
The New Global Economy 453
Conclusion 4.57
Learning More About Latin Americans 457
How Historians Understand THEDRIEs OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY 454
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES AN ARGENTINE MILITARY OFFICER 445
Slice of Lite ON THE STREETS OF NEUVO LAREDO 441
15
EVERYDAY LIFE:
1959 TO THE PRESENT 458
The Reign of Terror 459
The Quality of Life 462
What Does It Mean to Be Pour? 46
Informal Economy 468
The Great Migrations 472
The Cities 473
To Be Poor in the Cities 476
An Urban Migrant\'s Story 477
The Environment 477
The Globalization of Culture 478
Art 481
Conclusion 481
Learning More About Latin Americans 483
How Historians Understand FROM THE COUNTRYSIDE TO THE CITY 474
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES WOMEN REBELS. 460
Slice of Lite THE BARRIOIFAVELA 471
Glossary 485
Credits 489
index 49