Latest Developments in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Single-Frequency Method for Computing Seismic Earth Pressures
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Mononobe–Okabe Method
		1.1.2 Elastodynamic Continuum Solutions
		1.1.3 Elastodynamic Winkler Solution
	1.2 Equivalent Single-Frequency Solution Parameters
		1.2.1 Transfer Functions for Frequency-Domain Solution
		1.2.2 Earthquake Ground Motion Selection
		1.2.3 Selection of Single-Frequency Parameters
	1.3 Conclusions
	References
2 Three-Dimensional Centrifuge and Numerical Modeling of Underground Structures Subjected to Normal Faulting
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Problem Definition
	2.3 Three-Dimensional Centrifuge and Numerical Modeling of Pile-Faulting and Tunnel-Faulting Interaction
		2.3.1 Experimental Program and Setup
		2.3.2 Model Pile and Model Tunnel
		2.3.3 Model Preparation
		2.3.4 Instrumentation and Centrifuge Model Test Procedure
		2.3.5 Numerical Back-Analysis of Centrifuge Tests
		2.3.6 Parametric Study of Pile-Fault-Distance and Tunnel Depth
	2.4 Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Centrifuge Tests and Numerical Simulations
		2.4.1 Ground Surface Settlements Adjacent to the Single Pile and Pile Group
		2.4.2 Normal Fault Propagation in Sand and Fault-Pile Interaction
		2.4.3 Pile Top Displacement and Tilting
		2.4.4 Influence of Pile Location on Pile Responses: Numerical Parametric Study
		2.4.5 Ground Surface Settlement Along the Longitudinal and Transverse Tunnel Directions
		2.4.6 Propagation of Normal Fault and Fault-Tunnel Interaction
	2.5 Summary and Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 Liquefaction Mitigation Measures: A Historical Review
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Overview of Liquefaction-Induced Damage
	3.3 Causative Mechanism of Liquefaction and Principles of Its Mitigation
	3.4 Mitigation Measures for Newly Constructed Structures
		3.4.1 Prevention of Liquefaction for New Structures
		3.4.2 Allowing for Limited Extent of Liquefaction for New Structures
	3.5 Mitigation Measures Under Existing Structures
		3.5.1 Prevention of Liquefaction Under Existing Structures
		3.5.2 Allowing for Limited Extent of Liquefaction Under Existing Structures
	3.6 Mitigation Measures Under Existing Houses
		3.6.1 Ground Water Lowering in Residential Land
		3.6.2 Underground Grid Wall
	3.7 Emerging Topics
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
4 Liquefaction-Induced Pile Downdrag from Full-Scale Testing
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Driven Pile Downdrag Testing in Vancouver, Canada
	4.3 Augercast Pile Downdrag Testing in Christchurch, New Zealand
	4.4 Micropile Downdrag Testing in Mirabello, Italy
	4.5 Driven and Bored Pile Downdrag Testing in Turrell, Arkansas, USA
	4.6 Procedure for Determining the Neutral Plane for Piles in Liquefied Sand
	4.7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
5 Cyclic Resistance and Large Deformation Characteristics of Sands Under Sloping Ground Conditions: Insights from Large-Strain Torsional Simple Shear Tests
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Effects of Static Shear on Liquefaction Resistance of Sand
		5.1.2 Large Deformation Properties of Liquefied Sand Within Sloping Ground
	5.2 Large-Strain Hollow Cylindrical Torsional Shear Apparatus
		5.2.1 Stress and Strains Definition
		5.2.2 Experimental Evaluation of Membrane Resistance and Its Correction
	5.3 Testing Material and Procedure
		5.3.1 Stress Reversal and no-Stress Reversal Loading Conditions
	5.4 Tests Results
		5.4.1 Undrained Shear Strength
		5.4.2 Failure Mechanisms and Development of Large Deformation
		5.4.3 Cyclic Strength Against Large Deformation Accumulation
		5.4.4 Strain Localization in Liquefied Sand Specimens
	5.5 Summary and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 High-Speed Trains with Different Tracks on Layered Ground and Measures to Increase Critical Speed
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Early Studies on Moving Loads
		6.1.2 Studies on High-Speed Trains
	6.2 Simulation Models
		6.2.1 Track Cases
		6.2.2 Computational Tools
		6.2.3 Green’s Functions for Layered Viscoelastic Soil
		6.2.4 Green’s Functions for Piles in Layered Soil
	6.3 Soil and Load Data and Simulation for Base Case
	6.4 Measures to Increase Critical Speed
		6.4.1 Track Stiffening
		6.4.2 Ground Improvement and Soil Replacement
		6.4.3 Piled Track
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 Numerical Simulation of Coir Geotextile Reinforced Soil Under Cyclic Loading
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Numerical Model for Coir Geotextile Reinforced Soil Under Cyclic Loading
	7.3 Results and Discussion
		7.3.1 Calibration of FE Model
		7.3.2 Behavior of Coir Geotextile Reinforced Soil During Cyclic Loading
		7.3.3 Effect of Cyclic Stress on the Settlement of Coir Geotextile Reinforced Soil
		7.3.4 Spatial Distribution of Stresses on Soil and Reinforcement During Cyclic Loading
	7.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 Assessing the Effect of Aging on Soil Liquefaction Resistance
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Holocene Liquefaction in Pleistocene Deposits
	8.3 Correcting CRR for Diagenesis
		8.3.1 Time-KDR Relationships
		8.3.2 MEVR-KDR Relationships
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
9 Uncertainties in Small-Strain Damping Ratio Evaluation and Their Influence on Seismic Ground Response Analyses
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sources of Uncertainties in GRAs
	9.3 Laboratory Tests
		9.3.1 RC Test
		9.3.2 CTS and C(DS)DSS Tests
		9.3.3 Frequency-Dependent Soil Behavior
	9.4 In Situ Tests
		9.4.1 Geophysical Tests
		9.4.2 Back-Analysis of Downhole Arrays
	9.5 Literature Approaches to Account for Wave Scattering Effects
	9.6 Influence of D0 Correction in GRAs
		9.6.1 Stochastic Database of GRAs
		9.6.2 The Roccafluvione Case Study
	9.7 Final Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
10 Large Deformation Analysis of Coseismic Landslide Using Material Point Method
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Material Point Method
	10.3 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Slope Failure
		10.3.1 Model Setup
		10.3.2 Dynamic Slope Failure Process
		10.3.3 Effects of Residual Soil Strength
	10.4 Conclusions and Discussions
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 The State of Art on Equivalent State Theory for Silty Sands
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Equivalent State Theory (EST)
		11.2.1 Equivalent Granular Void Ratio, e*
		11.2.2 Discrete Element Method (DEM) Evidence for Active/Inactive Fine Particles and Their Contribution
		11.2.3 Estimation of b
		11.2.4 Philosophy of the Equivalent State Theory and a Few Experimental Databases for Evaluation
		11.2.5 Small Strain Stiffness Within the Equivalent State Theory
		11.2.6 Equivalent Granular Critical State Line for the Equivalent State Theory
		11.2.7 The Equivalent Granular State Parameter for the Equivalent State Theory
		11.2.8 Static Liquefaction/Instability Within the Equivalent State Theory
		11.2.9 Cyclic Liquefaction Within the Equivalent State Theory
	11.3 Constitutive Models Within the Equivalent State Theory
	11.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 Forensic Evaluation of Long-Distance Flow in Gently Sloped Ground During the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake, Indonesia
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Geological and Seismological Characteristics of Central Sulawesi Region
	12.3 Earthquake-Induced Flow-Slides and the Resulting Damage
		12.3.1 Flow-Slides at Jono Oge
		12.3.2 Flow-Slide at Sibalaya
		12.3.3 Flow-Slide at Balaroa
		12.3.4 Flow-Slides at Petobo
	12.4 Probable Flow-Slide Mechanism
	12.5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
13 Empirical Predictions of Fourier Amplitude and Phase Spectra Including Local Site Effects for Simulation of Design Accelerograms in Western Himalayan Region
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Study Region and Strong Motion Database
	13.3 Prediction Relations for Fourier Amplitude Spectra
		13.3.1 Estimation of Regression Coefficients
		13.3.2 Prediction Model and Statistics of Residues
		13.3.3 Examples of Predicted Fourier Spectra
		13.3.4 Comparisons Between Predicted and Real Fourier Spectra
	13.4 Prediction Methodology for Fourier Phase Spectra
		13.4.1 Prediction of Group Velocity Dispersion Curves
		13.4.2 Simulation of Fourier Phase Spectra
	13.5 Generation of Design Accelerograms
	13.6 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
14 Regional–Local Hybrid Seismic Hazard and Disaster Modeling of the Five Tectonic Province Ensemble Consisting of Westcentral Himalaya to Northeast India
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Second-Order Seismic Hazard Assessment
		14.2.1 Smoothened Gridded Seismicity Model
		14.2.2 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis
	14.3 Site Classification
		14.3.1 Regional Site Classification
			14.3.1.1 Geology
			14.3.1.2 Geomorphology
			14.3.1.3 Landform
	14.4 Site Characterization
		14.4.1 In-Situ Measurements
		14.4.2 Surface Measurements
		14.4.3 Generation of Site- and Lithology-Specific, Depth-Dependent Empirical Relations Between SPT-N and Vs
	14.5 Site Amplification
		14.5.1 Ground Motion Simulation
		14.5.2 Site Response
	14.6 Induced Hazards
		14.6.1 Liquefaction
			14.6.1.1 Factor of Safety Assessment
			14.6.1.2 Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR)
			14.6.1.3 Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR)
			14.6.1.4 Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI)
		14.6.2 Landslides
			14.6.2.1 Slope Stability Analysis
				Analysis of 6th Mile Landslide
	14.7 Urban Seismic Hazard Impact Assessment
		14.7.1 Capacity and Fragility Curves
	14.8 Structural Damage and Casualty Scenario for the City of Amristar, Agra, Kolkata, Dhaka, Gangtok and Guwahati
		14.8.1 Damage Scenario
		14.8.2 Human Casualty Scenario
	14.9 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
15 Geosynthetics in Retaining Walls Subjected to Seismic Shaking
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Shaking Table and Instrumentation
	15.3 Model Studies on Retaining Walls
		15.3.1 Wrap-Faced Walls
		15.3.2 Rigid-Faced Retaining Walls
		15.3.3 Segmental Retaining Walls
		15.3.4 Geocell Retaining Walls
	15.4 Conclusions
	References
16 Studies on Modeling of Dynamic Compaction in a Geocentrifuge
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Scaling Considerations of DC
	16.3 Design Details of Actuator
	16.4 Salient Features of Developed Actuator
	16.5 Test Procedure and Model Materials
	16.6 Results and Discussion
		16.6.1 Crater Profiles Induced by DC
		16.6.2 Displacement Contours
		16.6.3 Volumetric Soil Strains
		16.6.4 Pore Water Pressure Developments
		16.6.5 Ground Vibrations Associated with DC
	16.7 Conclusions
	References
17 A State of Art: Seismic Soil–Structure Interaction for Nuclear Power Plants
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Background of Study
	17.3 Objectives, Approach and Effects of SSI
	17.4 Geological Background of Nuclear Power Plants in India
	17.5 Review of Numerical Modeling of NPPs
	17.6 Recent Advances in SSI
		17.6.1 Modeling of Boundary
		17.6.2 Nonlinearity of Soil
		17.6.3 SSI in Liquefiable Soil
	17.7 Software Package for NPP Modeling
		17.7.1 SASSI
		17.7.2 LS-DYNA
		17.7.3 ABAQUS
	17.8 Summary and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
18 Seismic Stability of Slopes Reinforced with Micropiles—A Numerical Study
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Problem Definition
	18.3 Assumptions
	18.4 Methodology
		18.4.1 Seismic Accelerations
		18.4.2 Stability Analysis with Vertical Micropiles
		18.4.3 Stability Analysis with Inclined Micropiles
	18.5 Results and Discussion
	18.6 Comparison
	18.7 Conclusions
	References
19 Deformation Modulus Characteristics of Cyclically Loaded Granular Earth Bed for High-Speed Trains
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Methodology
	19.3 Materials and Preparation
	19.4 Results and Discussion
	19.5 Conclusions
	References
20 Disturbance in Soil Structure Due to Post-cyclic Recompression
	20.1 Background
	20.2 Methodology
	20.3 Results and Discussion
		20.3.1 Post-Cyclic Recompression
		20.3.2 Post-Cyclic Undrained Monotonic Strength
	20.4 Conclusion
	References
21 Application of Soft Computing in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Liquefaction
	21.3 Lateral Spreading
	21.4 Ground Motion
	21.5 Slope Stability
	21.6 Other Fields of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
	21.7 Conclusion
	References
22 Resilient Behavior of Stabilized Reclaimed Bases
	22.1 Introduction and Background
		22.1.1 Current Design Aspects
	22.2 Materials and Methods
		22.2.1 Materials
		22.2.2 Test Methods
		22.2.3 Testing Program
	22.3 Results and Discussion
		22.3.1 Mr Studies
	22.4 Design of Flexible Pavements with Stabilized Bases
	22.5 Conclusions
	References
23 Computing Seismic Displacements of Cantilever Retaining Wall Using Double Wedge Model
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Double Wedge Model for Sliding Displacements
	23.3 Finite Element Model for Computing Rotational Displacements
	23.4 Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls with Shear Key
	23.5 Case Study: Shake Table Tests at the University of Bristol
	23.6 Conclusion
	References
24 Importance of Site-Specific Observations at Various Stages of Seismic Microzonation Practices
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Identification of Seismic Sources
	24.3 Seismic Source Characterization
	24.4 Declustering of EQ Catalogue
	24.5 Effect of Input Motion Characteristics While Assessing Local Site Effect
	24.6 Assessment of Liquefaction Potential
	24.7 Conclusion
	References
25 Influence of Bio- and Nano-materials on Dynamic Characterization of Soils
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Materials and Methods
		25.2.1 Materials
		25.2.2 Experimental Program
	25.3 Results and Discussions
		25.3.1 Effect of Biopolymer Treatment on Silty Sand
		25.3.2 Effect of Nano-material on Soft Clay
	25.4 Conclusions
	References
26 Dynamic Characterization of Lunar Soil Simulant (LSS-ISAC-1) for Moonquake Analysis
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Moonquakes
	26.3 Geotechnical Properties of Lunar Soil Simulant
	26.4 Dynamic Properties
		26.4.1 Cyclic Triaxial Test
		26.4.2 Bender Element Test
	26.5 Results and Discussions
	26.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
27 Dynamic Response of Monopile Supported Offshore Wind Turbine in Liquefied Soil
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Methodology
		27.2.1 Numerical Model of OWT
		27.2.2 Method of Analysis
	27.3 Loads on OWT
		27.3.1 Wind and Wave Load
		27.3.2 Seismic Load
	27.4 Parameters
	27.5 Results and Discussion
		27.5.1 Depth of Liquefaction
		27.5.2 Responses of OWT
	27.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
28 Nonlinear Ground Response Analysis: A Case Study of Amingaon, North Guwahati, Assam
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Methodology of GRA
	28.3 Study Area and Site Characterization
	28.4 Strong Motion
	28.5 Results and Discussions
	28.6 Conclusions
	References