Lasers in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Preface
Contents
Part I: Laser Fundamentals
	1: Physical Fundamentals
		1.1	 Prequel
		1.2	 Basic Properties of Light
			1.2.1	 Geometrical Optics: Light as Rays
			1.2.2	 Wave Optics
			1.2.3	 Photons
		1.3	 Light Propagation
		1.4	 Light-Matter Interaction
		1.5	 Scattering of Light
			1.5.1	 Elastic Scattering
			1.5.2	 Inelastic Scattering
		References
	2: An Introduction to Laser
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 Physics of Laser
		2.3	 Laser Light Properties
			2.3.1	 Coherence
			2.3.2	 Divergence and Directionality
			2.3.3	 Monochromaticity
			2.3.4	 Brightness
		2.4	 Gaussian Beam Optics
		2.5	 Solid-State Lasers
		2.6	 Gas Lasers
		2.7	 Semiconductor Lasers
		References
			Suggested Reading
	3: Laser–Tissue Interaction
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Optical Properties of Tissue
			3.2.1	 Absorption
			3.2.2	 Scattering
		3.3	 Photochemical Interaction
			3.3.1	 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
			3.3.2	 Laser Biostimulation
		3.4	 Photothermal Interaction
		3.5	 Photoablation
		3.6	 Plasma-Induced Ablation
		3.7	 Photodisruption
		3.8	 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Clinical and Technical Applications
	4: Prevention and Treatment of Oral Mucositis in Cancer Patients Using Photobiomodulation (Low-Level Laser Therapy and Light-Emitting Diodes)
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Oral Mucositis
			4.2.1	 Photobiomodulation (PBM) and Oral Mucositis
			4.2.2	 New Beneficial Evidence
		References
	5: Photodynamic Reactions for the Treatment of Oral-Facial Lesions and Microbiological Control
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Photodynamic Therapy in Facial Lesions
		5.3	 Photodynamic Therapy of Head and Neck Cancers
			5.3.1	 Protocols and Determining Factors in the Outcome
			5.3.2	 Lesion Size and Appearance
			5.3.3	 Dosimetry
			5.3.4	 Site
		5.4	 Photodynamic Inactivation
		References
	6: Biophotonic Based Orofacial Rehabilitation and Harmonization
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Photonic Therapies for Orofacial Rehabilitation and Harmonization
			6.2.1	 Photobiomodulation
				6.2.1.1	 Red Light (622–780 nm)
				6.2.1.2	 Near Infrared Light (780–1500 nm)
				6.2.1.3	 Blue Light (455–492 nm)
				6.2.1.4	 Amber Light (577–622 nm)
				6.2.1.5	 Violet Light (390–455 nm)
				6.2.1.6	 Green Light (492–577 nm)
			6.2.2	 Photokinesiotherapies
		6.3	 Photopeelings
		6.4	 Conclusion
		References
	7: Use of Er:YAG Laser in Conservative Dentistry and Adhesion Process
		7.1	 Er:YAG Laser Interaction with Enamel and Dentine
		7.2	 Laser Er:YAG and Adhesion
		7.3	 Clinical Cases and Protocols for Laser Conservative Dentistry
		References
	8: Deep Lasers on Hard Tissue and Laser Prevention in Oral Health
		8.1	 Laser and Hypersensitivity
			8.1.1	 Nd:YAG Laser: LITS Technique
			8.1.2	 Diode Laser
		8.2	 Er:YAG Sealing
		References
	9: Laser in Bone Surgery
		9.1	 Introduction
		9.2	 History of Hard Tissue Laser Ablation
		9.3	 The Physics Behind the Laser–Bone Interaction
			9.3.1	 The Middle-Infrared Lasers
				9.3.1.1	 The Effect of Water Absorption
				9.3.1.2	 The Effect of Pulse Duration
				9.3.1.3	 The Effect of Water Cooling
				9.3.1.4	 The Effect of Beam Quality
			9.3.2	 Neodymium-Doped Lasers
			9.3.3	 Ultrashort Pulsed Lasers
		References
	10: Utilization of Dental Laser as an Adjunct for Periodontal Surgery
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 History of Lasers in the Periodontal Field
		10.3	 Types of Lasers Used in Periodontics: Characteristics and Indications
		10.4	 Applications of Lasers in Periodontal Therapy
			10.4.1	 Treatment of Periodontal Diseases
				10.4.1.1	 Introduction to Gingivitis and Periodontitis
				10.4.1.2	 Nonsurgical Therapy
				10.4.1.3	 Surgical Therapy
				10.4.1.4	 Regenerative Therapy
			10.4.2	 Soft Tissue Applications
			10.4.3	 Hard Tissue Indications
				10.4.3.1	 Calculus Removal
				10.4.3.2	 Osseous Surgery
				10.4.3.3	 Dentinal Hypersensitivity
		10.5	 Current Status
		10.6	 Conclusions
		References
	11: Laser-Assisted Therapy for Peri-implant Diseases
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 Physics of Laser
			11.2.1	 Characteristics of Laser Therapy
			11.2.2	 Definition and Prevalence of Peri-implant Diseases
			11.2.3	 Main Etiologic Factors Associated with Peri-implant Diseases
			11.2.4	 Why Can Laser Assist in the Treatment of Peri-implant Diseases
				11.2.4.1	 Implant Surface Detoxification with Laser Therapy
				11.2.4.2	 Soft and Hard Tissue Wound Healing Following Laser Therapy
			11.2.5	 How Can Laser Be Used in the Treatment of Peri-implant Diseases?
				11.2.5.1	 Nonsurgical Laser Therapy for Peri-implant Diseases
				11.2.5.2	 Surgical Laser Therapy for Peri-implantitis
		11.3	 Summary
		References
	12: Laser Applications and Autofluorescence
		12.1	 Noninvasive Methods in Diagnostics and Surgical Oncology
		12.2	 Autofluorescence: Background
		12.3	 Autofluorescence: A Diagnostic Support in Oral Cancer and Precancerous Lesions
		12.4	 Clinical Applications of Autofluorescence in Oral Surgery
			12.4.1	 Autofluorescence-Guided Biopsy
			12.4.2	 Autofluorescence-Guided Excision
		12.5	 Conclusions
		References
	13: Cartilage Reshaping
		13.1	 Introduction
		13.2	 Basic Science of Cartilage Reshaping
			13.2.1	 Laser Shaping of Cartilage
			13.2.2	 Ex Vivo Cartilage Reshaping
				13.2.2.1	 Dosimetry Studies
			13.2.3	 Cartilage Properties
				13.2.3.1	 Optical Properties of Cartilage
				13.2.3.2	 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Cartilage
					Stress Relaxation
					Temperature Dependence of LCR
					Mechanical Properties
					Thermal Properties
					Modeling of Cartilage Reshaping
				13.2.3.3	 Biophysical Properties and Cartilage Behavior
			13.2.4	 Control Systems in Laser Cartilage Reshaping
		13.3	 Clinical Applications
			13.3.1	 In Vivo LCR
				13.3.1.1	 Effects of LCR on Chondrocyte Viability
				13.3.1.2	 Long-Term Viability
			13.3.2	 LCR of the Airway
			13.3.3	 LCR of Septal Cartilage
				13.3.3.1	 Clinical Results of Laser Reshaping of Nasal Septal Cartilage
			13.3.4	 LCR of Auricular Cartilage
				13.3.4.1	 Cryogen Spray Cooling in LCR
		13.4	 Conclusions
		References
	14: Laser Treatment of MEDICATION-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Conservative Management of MRONJ
			14.2.1	 Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and MRONJ Treatment
		14.3	 Surgical Management of MRONJ
			14.3.1	 Laser Surgery of MRONJ
			14.3.2	 Autofluorescence-Guided Surgical Approach Performed with Er:YAG Laser
		14.4	 Conclusions
		References
	15: Laser Scanning in Maxillofacial Surgery
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 The Method of Laser Scanning
		15.3	 The Laser Scanning of Plaster Models, Impressions and Skull Models
		15.4	 The Laser Scanning for Oral Surgical Planning and for the Assessment of Facial Swelling After Oral Surgery
		15.5	 The Laser Scanning of Malformations
		15.6	 The Laser Scanning in Facial Aesthetics and Epithetic Procedures
		15.7	 The Laser Scanning in Orthodontic Treatment and Orthognathic Surgery
		15.8	 Conclusion
		References
	16: Holographic 3D Visualisation of Medical Scan Images
		16.1	 Introduction
		16.2	 Physiology of Human Visual Perception
			16.2.1	 Benefits of 3D Visualisation
		16.3	 Light Field Synthesis
			16.3.1	 Integral Imaging
			16.3.2	 Holography and Laser Interference
				16.3.2.1	 Transmission and Reflection Holograms
			16.3.3	 Static 3D Imaging and Digital Holography
				16.3.3.1	 Digital Hologram Channelling and Animation
			16.3.4	 Case Study: Facial Forensics for Archaeology
		16.4	 Graphics Processing Medical Data for 3D Visualisation
			16.4.1	 Data and File Formats
		16.5	 Dynamic 3D Imaging: Video Displays
			16.5.1	 Light Field Displays
				16.5.1.1	 Zebra Imaging and FoVI3D
				16.5.1.2	 Multi-projector Arrays
			16.5.2	 Electro-holographic Displays
				16.5.2.1	 Rewriteable Holographic Materials
				16.5.2.2	 MIT Acousto-Optical Modulation
				16.5.2.3	 Qinetiq EASLM Array
				16.5.2.4	 SeeReal Eye-Tracking System
				16.5.2.5	 Holoxica Volume Displays
				16.5.2.6	 Emerging Companies
			16.5.3	 Case Study: Dental Implant Planning
		16.6	 Conclusions
		References
	17: Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing
		17.1	 Introduction
		17.2	 Technology Overview
			17.2.1	 Material Extrusion
			17.2.2	 Vat Photopolymerisation
			17.2.3	 Powder Bed Fusion
			17.2.4	 Binder Jetting
			17.2.5	 Material Jetting
		17.3	 From Medical Imaging Data to Manufacturing and Post-processing
		17.4	 Oral and Maxillofacial Applications for Additive Manufacturing
		17.5	 Biological Response
			17.5.1	 Other Alloys
		17.6	 Concluding Remarks
		References
	18: Lasers in the Dental Laboratory
		18.1	 Laser for Joining Metals
		18.2	 CAD/CAM Laser as Scanner
		18.3	 CAD/CAM Stereolithography (SLA)
		18.4	 Laser Melting of Metals (DMLS) Direct Metal Laser Sintering
		18.5	 Hybrid
		18.6	 Printing Ceramics/ZrO2
	19: The MIRACLE
		19.1	 The Pathway from Bone Cutting with Mechanical Tools to Lasers
		19.2	 CARLO®, the First Robot for Bone Cutting with Laser
		19.3	 The Future of Laser Osteotomy: The MIRACLE Project
		19.4	 The First Application Areas for the MIRACLE Osteotome
		19.5	 The Intelligent Miniature Robot for the MIRACLE Project
		References
	20: Laser Safety
		20.1	 Lasers
		20.2	 Why We Need to Avoid Laser Exposure
		20.3	 Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)
		20.4	 Classification of Laser
		20.5	 Manufacturer Responsibilities
		20.6	 Ensuring Safety
		References
Index