Laser Safety: Practical knowledge And Solutions

PRELIMS.pdf
	Preface
	Editor biography
		Ken Barat, CLSO
	List of contributors
		Patrick Bong
		Karen Kelley
		Tom MacMullin
		Lisa Manglass
		Randy Paura, P. Eng., CLSO
		Michael Thomas
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 Why are laser accidents still happening?
		1.1 Bad behavior and no negative consequences
		1.2 Possible future: virtual reality
		1.3 On the job training/mentoring (a topic you will find mentioned several times in this text, but learning is through repetition)
		1.4 Recommendation
		1.5 Trainer, what are your responsibilities?
		1.6 Trainee, what are your responsibilities?
		1.7 What makes good coaching?
		1.8 Training review
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 Classification: a means of hazard communication
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 KEY ITEM about laser hazard classification and why people care
		2.3 Terms to know
		2.4 Explanation of individual laser classes
		2.5 System classification
			2.5.1 Class 1—CDRH
			Class 1—ANSI
		IEC
			Class 1 laser product
		CDRH
			2.5.2 Class 1M
			Class 1M ANSI
		IEC
			Class 1M laser product
			2.5.3 IEC Class 1C
			2.5.4 Class 2—CDRH
			Class 2 ANSI
			Class 2 IEC
			2.5.5 Class 2M
			IEC Class 2M laser product
			2.5.6 Class 3R—CDRH
			Class 3R—IEC
			2.5.7 Class 3R
			Class 3B
			IEC
			2.5.8 Class 4 CDRH
		2.6 Classification changes that are being discussed
			2.6.1 Class 5
			2.6.2 Classification based on control measures—laser control groups
		2.7 Training slides on classification
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Biological effects: something you should know about
		3.1 Confession time
		3.2 Let’s be truthful
		3.3 Oh! I forgot about that
		3.4 What is all the concern over?
		3.5 All aboard—train station analogy
		3.6 Injury below damage threshold
		3.7 Indoor problems below the MPE do exist
		3.8 Equipment damage
		3.9 So where do wavelengths go?
			3.9.1 UV
			3.9.2 Visible
			3.9.3 Near-infrared 700 nm–1400 nm
			3.9.4 Mid- and far-IR
		3.10 How is damage caused?
		3.11 The anatomy of your eye
			3.11.1 The cornea
			3.11.2 The aqueous chambers
			3.11.3 The lens
			3.11.4 The retina
			3.11.5 The iris/pupil
		3.12 800 nm trap
			3.12.1 Damage mechanisms by wavelength
		3.13 Things to know
			3.13.1 Aversion response
			3.13.2 Near IR effects
			3.13.3 Injuries outside the fovea
			3.13.4 Vitreal hemorrhages
			3.13.5 Blood in the eye, toxic effects
			3.13.6 Beam size does have an effect
			3.13.7 Damn! corneal injury hurts
		3.14 Physiological damage mechanisms
		3.15 Quick summary
		3.16 Skin
		3.17 Conclusion
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 Laser safety terms: the language LSOs speak
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Glossary of terms
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 Risk assessment for lasers
		5.1 Purpose
		5.2 Applicability
		5.3 Preface
		5.4 Background
		5.5 What is a risk assessment?
		5.6 Fundamental concepts
		5.7 Terms and definitions
		5.8 Likelihood of occurrence (probability)
		5.9 Consequence (severity)
		5.10 Why is risk assessment important?
		5.11 Where are risk assessments noted/required by regulations?
		5.12 What is the goal of risk assessment?
		5.13 What is acceptable risk?
		5.14 Note on structure of the risk assessment worksheets
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 Laser protective eyewear, looking sharp in the laser lab
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Eyewear labeling
			6.2.1 What does > or + mean?
		6.3 Can eyewear break down/fail?
		6.4 Ultrafast pulses and laser eyewear
			At a glance
			Details
		6.5 Angle of exposure
		6.6 Attacked from behind
		6.7 Unusual eyewear event #1
			What to take away from this
		6.8 Unusual eyewear event #2
		6.9 Absorptive versus reflective filter
		6.10 Impact resistance
		6.11 Manufacturer protection curves and non-labelled wavelengths
		6.12 What to do if labeling wears off?
		6.13 Prescription eyewear
		6.14 Alignment eyewear
		6.15 European labeling
			Protection level
			EN code
		6.16 Storage of eyewear
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 Regulations, you mean there are rules?
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Standards and regulations
		7.3 Export control
			7.3.1 University guidance examples
			7.3.2 Example #2
		7.4 Outdoor use
			7.4.1 Non-MPE effects
		7.5 What if you manufacture lasers?
			7.5.1 Outside the United States, meaning the rest of the world
		7.6 Laser users
			7.6.1 Outside the United States
			7.6.2 Within the United States
		7.7 US States that have a laser regulatory programs
		7.8 ANSI Z136
			7.8.1 Special note overlooked by many
		7.9 ANSI control measures
		7.10 Concluding thoughts
CH008.pdf
	Chapter 8 Safety culture and laser program management
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Defining safety culture
		8.3 Safety program maturity
		8.4 Relationships as a key element in a laser safety program
		8.5 Risk assessments and standard operating procedures
		8.6 Training for users and laser safety personnel
		8.7 Change management
		8.8 Continuous improvement
		8.9 Incident investigation
			8.9.1 Root cause analysis
			8.9.2 Team-based investigations
		8.10 Conclusion
CH009.pdf
	Chapter 9 Performance-based learning in laser safety training
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Alignment demonstration
			More examples
		9.3 Examples that apply PBL to laser safety training
			9.3.1 Eyewear selection
			9.3.2 Service of Class 1 product
			9.3.3 Control area challenge
			9.3.4 Accident review
			9.3.5 Lab design
		9.4 Value of these PBL exercises
		9.5 Alignment class material
			The results
		9.6 Conclusion
CH010.pdf
	Chapter 10 Training, breaking through to users
		10.1 Training
		10.2 Institutional—required by regulations and standards
		10.3 On the job training—site/equipment specific
		10.4 Refresher training
		10.5 Service staff challenges
		10.6 Mobile app training, an effective training delivery approach
		10.7 Microlearning?
		10.8 Game learning
		10.9 Just-in-time learning, safe plan of action
		10.10 On the job training—OJT or is it just mentoring?
			10.10.1 How long should it take?
			10.10.2 How should OJT be performed?
			10.10.3 What needs to be covered?
			10.10.4 Who should the mentor be?
			10.10.5 Do as I say not what I do
			10.10.6 Does OJT need to be documented?
			10.10.7 Is follow-up needed?
		10.11 More on refresher training
			10.11.1 Why refresher training?
			10.11.2 How do existing standards address the idea of refresher training?
		10.12 Effective refresher training what are one’s options?
			10.12.1 Frequency is an important factor
			10.12.2 Refresher conclusion
		10.13 Conclusion
CH011.pdf
	Chapter 11 Mentoring, do what I say and follow my lead
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Goal of mentoring
		11.3 The 10 core laser safety principals
		11.4 How to be a good mentor or trainer
		11.5 For those that like it short and simple
		11.6 A hard lesson for those giving OJT/mentoring
			11.6.1 Hold direct answers back
		11.7 What about mistakes?
		11.8 Commonly overlooked topics
		11.9 Safety culture
CH012.pdf
	Chapter 12 Can everyone understand your work? Considering visual disabilities when designing graphics and presentations
		12.1 Introduction
			12.1.1 Disability and ethics
			12.1.2 Types of visual disabilities
			12.1.3 Why do we care?
		12.2 Color deficient vision
			12.2.1 Color vision
			12.2.2 Types of deficient color vision
			12.2.3 Other visual disabilities
		12.3 General strategies for accommodating visual impairments
			12.3.1 Color choice
			12.3.2 Textures and patterns
		12.4 Additional considerations
			12.4.1 Presentations
			12.4.2 Publications
			12.4.3 Accessibility on the Web
			12.4.4 Safety and visual impairment
		References
CH013.pdf
	Chapter 13 Ergonomics in a laser lab, you must be joking
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Lab ergonomics, reaching across the table
		13.3 Typical work activities and posture
			13.3.1 Do you have back pain?
		13.4 Getting higher
		13.5 Standing around
		13.6 Weight/lifting
		13.7 Vertical breadboard
		13.8 Work hours
		13.9 Concluding thoughts
CH014.pdf
	Chapter 14 Laser safety tools: making your life better for less
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Carbon resin lightweight breadboards
		14.3 Vertical breadboards
		14.4 Black AL foil
		14.5 Diffuse reflection material
		14.6 Indirect laser beam viewing tools
			14.6.1 Laminated IR viewing cards
			14.6.2 IR viewers
			14.6.3 Hands-free IR viewer
			14.6.4 CCD/webcam
		14.7 Beam blocks
			14.7.1 Unsecured beam blocks
			14.7.2 Home-made beam blocks
		14.8 Beam dump
		14.9 Polycarbonate sheets
		14.10 Plastic laser enclosures
		14.11 Metal laser enclosures, table perimeter guards
		14.12 Laser curtains
		14.13 Laser protective eyewear
		14.14 Piping insulation as shelf/head guard
		14.15 Are there more products out there?
CH015.pdf
	Chapter 15 Evaluation and design of laser barriers
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Laser barrier definition
		15.3 Laser barriers–curtain style
			15.3.1 Overview—laser barrier curtains
			15.3.2 Laser barrier curtain materials
		15.4 Barrier selection
		15.5 Laser barrier curtain design
		15.6 Laser barriers—partition style
			Overview—laser barrier partitions
		15.7 Laser barrier partition design
		15.8 Laser barriers for optical tables
		15.9 Laser barriers for windows
		15.10 Laser barriers at a doorway
		15.11 Final thoughts
CH016.pdf
	Chapter 16 US and European test methodology for laser protective eyewear
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 ANSI and the Z 136.7 test specification
			16.2.1 Typical laser test setup
			16.2.2 Laser saturation
		16.3 DIN and the EN 207 test specification
			16.3.1 Wavelength range considerations
			16.3.2 Pulse width considerations
			16.3.3 Laser parameters used in DIN EN 207
		16.4 Performance of EN 207 specification
			16.4.1 Significance of the read across
		16.5 Conclusion
CH017.pdf
	Chapter 17 Elements and considerations in designing and/or selecting a room interlock system
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Hazard assessment
		17.3 Minimal system for attended operation
		17.4 Interlocks for unattended operation
		17.5 Reach back cascade
		17.6 Design considerations for interlock systems
CH018.pdf
	Chapter 18 Paperwork considerations (not documented not done)
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 ISO 9001, just a quick word
		18.3 Record retention
		18.4 Training records
		18.5 Standard operating procedures
		18.6 Audit records
		18.7 Laser safety chapter
		18.8 Accuracy of warning and contact signs and postings
		18.9 Alignment eyewear approval
		18.10 Temporary authorization/temporary work authorization
		18.11 Interlock checks
		18.12 Conclusion
CH019.pdf
	Chapter 19 Explaining engineering control measures found in standards
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Engineering controls
			19.2.1 Protective housing
			19.2.2 Interlocks on removable PH
			19.2.3 Service access panel
			19.2.4 Key control
			19.2.5 Collecting optics
			19.2.6 Area warning device
			19.2.7 Laser radiation emission warning (usually visible)
			19.2.8 Emergency conditions
			19.2.9 Class 4 entryway controls
			19.2.10 Non-defeatable approach
			19.2.11 Defeatable controls
			19.2.12 Administrative control
		19.3 Conclusion
CH020.pdf
	Chapter 20 Dye laser, hazards and good practice for safe use
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Dyes and solutions
		20.3 Preparation for dye work
		20.4 Supervisor and staff responsibilities
			20.4.1 Equipment, concerns
		20.5 Real work rules
			20.5.1 Protect yourself
		20.6 If there is a spill
		20.7 More on dyes
		20.8 Laser dye/solvent control classes
CH021.pdf
	Chapter 21 Laser disposal, end of life cycle thoughts, hospice for your laser
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Why should you care?
		21.3 E-waste
		21.4 What are my responsibilities?
		21.5 Questions for the user
		21.6 User responsibilities
		21.7 Questions for hazardous waste transporter or handler
		21.8 Questions for surplus receiver
		21.9 General approaches to laser disposal
		21.10 Power supplies
		21.11 Optics
		21.12 Dye lasers
		21.13 Excimer lasers
		21.14 Diode/semiconductor lasers
		21.15 Diode/telecommunications laser systems
CH022.pdf
	Chapter 22 How are you dealing with these topics?
		22.1 Chapter note
		22.2 20 smart work practices—all are important, number sequence does not relate to safety or order of importance
		22.3 Ventilation
		22.4 Access control
		22.5 Housekeeping/storage
		22.6 Layout of optics
		22.7 Periscope
		22.8 Cable and hoses
		22.9 Optics and cable identification
		22.10 Pump diffuse scatter
		22.11 Signage on entryway door