Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Front Matter
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Fundamentals of LIBS and recent developments
	Introduction
	Lasers for LIBS
		Mode properties of lasers
		Spatial intensity distribution and focusing of the laser beam
		Time behavior of laser pulses
		Measurement of laser power and energy
		Varieties of lasers
	Laser-induced plasmas
		Laser-induced breakdown in gases
		Plasma production from solid targets
		Radiation from laser-induced plasmas
	Progress in detection of LIBS
		CCD and ICCD detectors
		The spectrograph-detector combination
	Applications of LIBS
	References
Atomic emission spectroscopy
	Introduction
	Atomic states and spectral lines
		Many-electron atoms
		Classification of electronic states
	Radiation from atoms
		Electric dipole selection rules
		Parity selection rules
		Forbidden transitions
		Line strength
		Oscillator strength
		Intensities of spectral lines
		Self-absorption
		Continuous emission and bremsstrahlung
	Broadening of spectral lines
		Stark broadening
	Applications
		Determination of electron temperature
			Temperature and equilibrium
			Temperature from relative intensities of lines
			Temperature from Doppler profile
		Determination of the electron density
			Hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions
			Many-electron atoms and ions
		Qualitative atomic emission analysis
		Quantitative atomic emission analysis
	References
Laser ablation
	Introduction
	Fundamental ablation processes
		Plasma ignition processes
			Femtosecond laser ablation
			Picosecond laser ablation
			Nanosecond ablation
		Plasma expansion processes
			Expansion of the evaporated material plume and shockwaves
		Plasma emission spectra
			Femtosecond pulsed laser plasma emission
			Nanosecond pulsed laser plasma emission
		Electron density and plasma temperature
	Particle formation processes
		Particle ejection
		Nanoparticle formation
	Laser ablation parameters
		Nanosecond pulsed lasers
			Laser wavelength
			Laser energy
			Ambient
	Picosecond pulsed lasers
	Femtosecond pulsed lasers
	Perspectives, future, and trends
	Acknowledgment
	References
Physics and dynamics of plasma in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
	Introduction
	Basics of laser-matter interaction
	Processes in laser-produced plasma
	Spectral emission from plasma
		Continuum emission
		Line emission
		Emission from laser-produced plasma
	Models for the distribution of charged and excited states in plasma
		Corona model
		Local thermodynamic equilibrium model
		Collisional radiative model
	Measurement of spectroscopic and plasma parameters
		Line broadening in plasma emission
		Electron density
		Plasma temperature
		Optical thickness and self-absorption
	Characteristics of LIBS plasma
	Parameters affecting LIBS plasma
		Effect of laser characteristics
		Effects of wavelength and pulse duration of a laser
		Effect of target material
		Effect of observation window
		Effect of geometric setup
		Effect of ambient gas
	Dynamics of plasma and its emission
		Model of plasma emission during dual-pulse LIBS
		Model of plasma emission during single-pulse LIBS
			Case 1
			Case 2
	Effect of plasma parameters on LIBS emission
		Effect of delay between lasers
		Effect of plasma density (laser energy)
		Effect of pulse duration of a laser
		Effect of plasma confinement
		Temporal evolution of emission from confined plasma
	Conclusion
	References
Instrumentation for LIBS and recent advances
	Introduction
	Typical LIBS setup
	LIBS instrumentation
		Echelle spectrometer
		Specialty of the Echelle spectrometer
			Advantages
			Limitations
	Fiber optic LIBS
		Fiber optic LIBS probe
		Transmission property of optical fiber
	Portable LIBS devices
		Handheld LIBS
	Signal enhancement in LIBS
		Double-pulse LIBS
			Effect of delay between laser pulses
		Other DP-LIBS
			Spark discharge LIBS
			Glow discharge and microwave LIBS
		Magnetic and spatially confined LIBS
		Nanoparticle-enhanced LIBS
		Surface-enhanced LIBS
		Filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy
	Applications of LIBS
		Environmental monitoring
			Off-gas emission
			Study of soil, concrete, and paint
			Study of radioactive elements
		Industrial applications
		LIBS in nuclear fusion research
		LIBS in space research
			Rocket engine health monitor
			Probe for Mars expedition
	Analytical performance of LIBS
	Conclusion
	References
Ultrafast and filament-LIBS
	Introduction
	Nanosecond versus femtosecond LIBS
	Filamentation and filament-LIBS
		Standoff filament-LIBS
	Emission and plume characteristics - Ultrafast LIBS versus filament-LIBS
	Modeling of ultrafast LIBS
		PIC models
		TTM-MD approach
		CFD modeling
		Modeling of LPP emission spectra
	Summary
	Acknowledgment
	References
Molecular laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
	Introduction
	Experimental details of CN molecular emission spectroscopy
	Results and discussion of CN experiments
	Carbon Swan C2 astrophysics emission spectra
	Plasma temperature distributions from AlO measurements
	Laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry
		Hydrogen LAMIS
		Boron LAMIS
		Carbon LAMIS
		Nitrogen LAMIS
		Oxygen LAMIS
		Chlorine LAMIS
		Strontium LAMIS
		Zirconium LAMIS
		Uranium LAMIS
	Conclusions
	References
Combustion applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
	Introduction
	Continuous monitoring of combustion emission
	Equivalence ratio
	Online coal analysis
	Flame temperature
	Engine health
	Conclusions
	References
LIBS application to liquid samples
	Introduction
	Experimental details
		Samples
		Experimental apparatus
	Optimization of experimental parameters
	LIBS signal enhancement techniques
		Substrate technique
		Dual-pulse technique
		Hyphenated techniques
	Underwater LIBS measurements
		Matrix effects
		Pressure effects
		LIBS study in a compressed gas-water mixture
	Conclusions
	References
LIBS application to powder samples
	Introduction
	Experimental
		Powder samples
		Experimental setup
		Experimental parameters
	Analytical methods
	Applications
		Application to glass batch analysis
		Application to REE analysis
		Application to pharmaceutical powder analysis
	Conclusions
	References
LIBS of slurry samples
	Introduction
	Experimental
		Apparatus
		Sample preparation
		Data analysis
	Results and discussion
		Effects of laser energy and gate delay
		Calibration
			Model validation
			Comparison of LIBS and ICP-OES
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Defense applications
	Introduction
	Identification of materials
		Chemical agent detection
		Biological agent detection
		Radiological/nuclear detection
		Explosives detection
		Landmine detection
		Toxic gas detection
		Lead content in solder
		Steel alloy identification
	Material characterization
		Energetic material characterization
		Monitoring catalyst deactivation
		Monitoring decontamination processes
	Forensic analysis
		Provenance determination of spent cartridge casings
		Gunshot residues
		Soil contamination
		Engine wear analysis
	Future outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
Applications of LIBS in drug analysis
	Introduction
	Material and methods
		Optimization of laser energy
		Optimization of the angle between collection optics and laser beam
		Optimizations of gate delay and gate width
		Accumulation of LIBS spectra
		Chemometric analysis
	Results and discussion
		Analysis of Group-1 (antidiabetes) drugs of different brands
		Statistical analysis of LIBS spectral data of Group-1 drugs
			Principal component analysis of Group-1 drugs
			PLS regression analysis of Group-1 drugs
		LIBS analysis of Group-2 (pain-relieving) drugs
		Principal component analysis of Group-2 drugs
	Conclusion and future outlook
	Acknowledgment
	References
LIBS imaging applications
	Introduction
	Experimental
		Preamble
		Instrumental configurations
		Data processing
	Applications
		Applications for earth science
			Paleoclimate studies
			Mining industry
			Light elements and rare earth element analyses
			Use of multivariate analyses
			3D geological mapping
		Industrial applications
			Process control in the metallurgy industry
			Catalyst industry
			Nuclear field applications
			Miscellaneous industrial applications
		Applications for biology and medicine
			Imaging vegetal tissues
			Imaging animal tissues
			Imaging human tissues
	Summary and conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Food science application
	Introduction
	Experimental
		Sample preparation
	Food applications of LIBS
		Determination of elemental composition
		Determination of food constituents
		Detection of food adulteration
		Identification of geographical origin
		Quality and control analysis
	Summary and conclusions
	References
LIBS study of geological samples coupled with chemometric methods
	Introduction
	LIBS experimental setup
	Analysis of geological samples
	Discrimination between rock types
	LIBS study of moldavite, a possible Martian analog
	Topsoil analysis using LIBS as a regolith proxy
	Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
Study of the different parts of a tokamak using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
	Introduction
	Experimental
	Results and analysis
		Quantitative analysis of the impurities deposited on PFCs
			Stoichiometric nature of laser ablation
			Optical thinness of the plasma
			Local thermodynamic equilibrium
		Multivariate analysis of the spectral signature observed in LIBS
		Experimental setup and analysis at IPR
			Optimization of experimental setup
			Spatial analysis of the limiter surface in a vacuum
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
High-energy materials application
	Introduction
	Experimental details
	Spectral description
	Results and discussion
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Industrial applications
	Introduction
	Inline measured 3D geometry information and LIBS analyses for high-speed sorting tasks of piece goods
	Sorting of refractories
	Sensor-based sorting of alloyed metal scrap
	Identification of steel blooms in a rolling mill
	Inverse production scenario for the recovery of valuable materials from electronic equipment
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in planetary science
	Introduction
	ChemCam
		Instrument description
		Operational description
			Operations
			Data processing and calibration
		Science findings from ChemCam LIBS
	SuperCam LIBS
		Instrument description
		Operations and calibration
	MarsCode LIBS on the HX-1 Rover
		Instrument description
		Operations and calibration
	Indian lunar LIBS on Chandrayaan-2
		Instrument description
		Operations and calibration
	Future predictions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Coal analysis
	Introduction
	Main impact factors on coal analysis
		Experimental configuration
		Environmental factors
		Coal matrix
			Physical matrices
			Chemical matrices
		Spectra processing
			Spectra pretreatment
			Quantification models
	The application of LIBS to the offline analysis of coal
		Ultimate analysis
		Proximate analysis
		Calorific value
	The application of LIBS to the online analysis of coal
	Summary and future perspectives
	References
LIBS for aerosol analysis
	Introduction
	Laser-induced breakdown of gases
	Analysis of aerosol particles by LIBS
		Spectral ensemble-averaging
		Statistical aerosol sampling with LIBS
		Conditional analysis for spectral processing
		Analysis of individual aerosol particles
	Alternative methodologies for aerosol analysis
	Applications of LIBS-based aerosol analysis
	Future directions
	References
Field-portable and handheld LIBS
	Introduction
	Instrumentation design, implementation, and attributes
	Portable, mobile, and handheld LIBS
	Applications of handheld LIBS
		Industrial applications
		Geological and environmental applications
		Recent applications in other areas
	Conclusions and perspectives
	References
	Further reading
Self-calibrated methods for LIBS quantitative analysis
	Introduction
	The calibration-free approach
	The CF-LIBS algorithm
	Other calibration-free approaches
		Monte Carlo LIBS
		One-point calibration LIBS
		Inverse CF-LIBS
		Artificial neural network CF-LIBS
		Columnar density method
		Extended C-sigma method
	Applications
		Food and health
		Nuclear applications
		Industrial applications
		Environment
		Cultural heritage and archeology
		Space research
		Jewelry
	Conclusion
	References
Scope of future development in LIBS
	Introduction
	Gas-phase LIBS
	Liquid-phase LIBS
	Solid-phase LIBS
	LIBS of molten samples
	LIBS for biomedical applications
	A theoretical model of laser-induced plasma
	Commercialization of LIBS
	Future applications
	References
Index
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