Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic, and Planetary Flood Volcanism

Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
INTRODUCTION......Page 9
Eruptive Sequence......Page 11
Flow Volume and Homogeneity......Page 19
Flow Morphology......Page 20
Basalt Textures......Page 21
Linear Vent Systems......Page 22
Sources......Page 23
Partial Melting, Crystal Fractionation,and Magma Mixing......Page 25
TECTONIC SETTING......Page 27
CONCLUSIONS......Page 29
REFERENCES......Page 31
INTRODUCTION......Page 36
MAGMATISM......Page 38
4øAr/39ADra ting......Page 39
Ptutonic rocks......Page 40
Footwall Basement Rocks......Page 41
MISS1NG VOLCANOSTRATIGRAPHY?......Page 42
SURFACE UPLIFT......Page 43
Shallow marine mudstones ?......Page 44
Palaeoenvironmental Change......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 48
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 51
3. THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC BASINS......Page 54
4.1. Iceland......Page 57
4.2. British Tertiary Igneous Province......Page 63
4.3. Offshore UK......Page 66
4.4. West Greenland and Baffin Island......Page 67
4.5. Central East Greenland......Page 68
4.6. Northeast Greenland......Page 70
4. 7. Faeroe Islands......Page 71
4.8. Seaward-Dipping Reflector Sequences......Page 72
4.9. Summary Statement......Page 75
5. RATES OF MAGMA PRODUCTION AND CRUSTAL GENERATION......Page 76
6.1. Crustal Contamination......Page 77
6.2. The Lithosphere as a Mechanical Filter......Page 79
7.1. Thermal Aspects......Page 81
7.2. Compositional S tructure of the Iceland Plume......Page 85
8. MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK......Page 88
REFERENCES......Page 89
INTRODUCTION......Page 100
REGIONAL SETTING OF MADAGASCAR......Page 101
Cretaceous Magmatism......Page 104
Samples......Page 106
Analytical Methods......Page 107
East Coast Basalts and Dikes......Page 112
Origin of Trend I......Page 114
Origin of the Low2 ø6 pb/2ø4pb BasaltsTrend II......Page 117
Volcan de l'ndroy......Page 118
Majunga and Morondava Basins......Page 119
Marion Plume Mantle in Fe-Ti Basalt Petrogenesis......Page 120
Significance of Spatial Compositional Variations in the Basalts......Page 121
APPENDIX 1 PETROGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 125
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 128
2. STRUCTURE AND TECTONICS OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION......Page 129
3.2. Venezuela......Page 131
3.3. Trinidad......Page 133
3.6. Hispaniola......Page 134
3.7. Central America......Page 136
3.9. Colombia and Ecuador......Page 137
4. COMPOSITIONAL VARIATION WITHIN THE CARIBBEAN-COLOMBIAN OCEANIC PLATEAU......Page 141
5. PLATEAU OBDUCTION......Page 143
6. ARC-DERIVED BASALTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CCCIP......Page 144
7. CONCLUSIONS......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 146
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 150
2.1. The Rajmahal-Sylhet Ig neous Province......Page 152
2.2. Age of the Rajmahal Basalts......Page 156
2.3. Dike Swarms in Eastern India......Page 157
3. CRETACEOUS VOLCANISM IN AND AROUND THE EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN......Page 159
4.1. Samples and Analytical Methods......Page 161
4.3. Results......Page 169
5.1. Evidence for Fractionation and Contamination of Rajmahal Magmas......Page 173
5.2. Depth and Degree of Partial Melting......Page 175
5.3. Mantle Sources......Page 178
5.4. Origin of the R ahmahal-Sylhet Igneous Province......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 183
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 188
2. PHYSICAL FEATURES AND GROSS STRUCTURE OF THE OJP......Page 189
3. TECTONIC SETTING OF OJP EMPLACEMENT......Page 192
4. THE OJP AND CRETACEOUS PLATE MOTIONS......Page 193
6.1. Submarine Drillholes......Page 195
6.3. Malaita......Page 196
7.1. A Core-Mantle Boundary Origin for the OJP Plume ?......Page 201
7.2. Partial Melting of the Plume Head Peridotite Source......Page 204
8.1. Fractionation......Page 206
8.2. The Hidden Cumulates......Page 207
9.1. Paleodepths......Page 209
9.2. Estimates of Initial Dynamic Uplift......Page 211
9.3. Effect of Added Crust......Page 212
9.4. Melt-Depleted Mantle Root to OJP......Page 213
11. FUTURE RESEARCH AVENUES......Page 214
REFERENCES......Page 215
INTRODUCTION......Page 222
Spatial Extent of Parand-Etendeka Magmatism......Page 223
Regional Geology......Page 226
Age of Par and-Etendeka Magmatism......Page 227
Contemporaneous Alkaline Magmatism......Page 228
Composition and Distribution of Low-Ti Magma Types......Page 229
Composition and Distribution of High-Ti Magma Types......Page 230
Ponta Grossa Dyke Swarm......Page 231
Sdo Paulo - Rio de Janeiro Coastal Dyke Swarm......Page 234
Asymmetry of Lava Distribution Relative to Proto-Atlantic Rift......Page 235
Duration of Magmatism......Page 236
Rifling History of the South Atlantic Region......Page 237
Crustal Assimilation......Page 238
Plume Models for Flood Basalt Generation......Page 239
Lithospheric In volvement in Paranad-Etendeka Magmatism......Page 240
RHYOLITE MAGMA TYPES AND PETROGENESIS......Page 242
Petrogenesis of the High-Ti Rhyolites......Page 244
Low-Ti Rhyolite Magma Types......Page 245
PARANA-ETENDEKA FLOOD BASALTS AND MASS EXTINCTIONS ?......Page 246
REFERENCES......Page 247
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 251
2. OVERVIEW OF THE KAROO PROVINCE......Page 252
3. SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES......Page 253
4. OVERVIEW OF STRATIGRAPHIC VARIATIONS......Page 254
5. THE BASIS FOR GEOCHEMICAL SUBDIVISION......Page 255
5.1. The Northern Sections......Page 256
5.2. The Southern Sections......Page 263
5.3. Discussion......Page 264
5.4. Geochemical Stratigraphy: Isotopic Evidence......Page 266
6. CORRELATION BETWEEN PALAEOMAGNETIC AND GEOCHEMICAL STRATIGRAPHY......Page 267
7. IMPLICATIONS FOR STRUCTURE AND EMPLACEMENT OF THE LAVA SEQUENCE......Page 268
8. THE AGE OF KAROO VOLCANISM......Page 269
9.1. Springbok Flats......Page 270
9.2. Lebombo......Page 272
Sample Localities......Page 274
REFERENCES......Page 275
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 277
2.1. General......Page 278
3. AGE OF SIBERIAN VOLCANISM......Page 280
5. ARE THE SIBERIAN FLOOD BASALTS THE RESULT OF A START1NG PLUME?......Page 282
6. TEMPORAL GEOCHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC VARIATIONS......Page 285
7. MANTLE SOURCES, CRYSTAL FRACTIONATION AND CONTAMINATION......Page 290
8.1 General......Page 293
8.5. Considerations for a General Model of the Siberian Flood Volcanism......Page 294
9. WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?......Page 295
REFERENCES......Page 296
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 300
2.2. Columbia River Event......Page 301
2.3. Afar Event......Page 302
2.4. North Atlantic Volcanic Province Event......Page 306
2.5. Deccan Event......Page 307
2.7. Parana-Etendeka Event......Page 308
2.8. Karoo Event......Page 310
3. GIANT DYKE SWARMS......Page 311
3.2. Relationship w ith Plumes......Page 312
4. APPLICATION OF GIANT DYKE SWARMS INIDENTIFYING PALEOPLUMES AND PALEO-LIPS......Page 313
4.1. Central Atlantic Event......Page 314
4.2. Jutland Event......Page 315
4.4. Central Iapetus Event......Page 316
4.6. Willouran Event......Page 318
4.8. Abitibi and Keweenawan Events......Page 319
4.9. Mackenzie Event......Page 320
4.11. Matachewan Event......Page 321
4.13. Additional Cases......Page 322
5.1. Correlation of Dyke Distribution, Uplift Topography,and LIPs......Page 324
5.4. Remote Feeding of Sills......Page 325
6. DISCUSSION......Page 326
REFERENCES......Page 327
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 337
2. MELT FRACTIONS AND DEPTH OF MELT GENERATION......Page 338
2.1. Major Element Regressions......Page 339
2.2. Trace Element Ratios......Page 341
3. CRUSTAL ASSIMILATION OR MELT GENERATION WITHIN THE CLM?......Page 343
3.1. Chemical Discrimination of Crust and CLM Componentsin CFBs......Page 345
3.2. Melt Generation from the CLM.' Evidence from the Siberian Traps......Page 346
4.2. Major Element Trends......Page 351
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 352
REFERENCES......Page 353
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 358
2.3. S-Undersaturated Mafic Magmas......Page 360
3.2. Regional Setting......Page 361
3.3. Volcanic Stratigraphy......Page 364
3.4. Regional Structure......Page 365
3.5. Chemostratigraphy of the Lavas of the Noril'sk Region and the West Greenland CFB......Page 366
4. DISCUSSION......Page 368
4.1. Relation Between Ni-Cu-PGE Depletion and Major-Element,T race-Element,and Isotopic Composition......Page 369
4.2. Nature of the Crustal Components in the Siberian and Greenland Lavas and Intrusions......Page 370
4.3. Models for Mineralization......Page 372
4.4. Sulphur Budget......Page 374
SUMMARY......Page 377
REFERENCES......Page 378
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 382
2.1. Terminology......Page 384
2.2. External Features of Continental Flood Basalt Lava Flows......Page 387
2.3. Internal Structure of Continental Flood Basalt Lava Flows......Page 390
3. EARLY MODEL OF FLOOD BASAL TEMPLACEMENT......Page 392
4. A NEW MODEL FOR THE EMPLACEMENT OF FLOOD BASALT LAVA FLOWS......Page 396
4.1. The Inflation Process and Inflation Features......Page 398
4.2. Eruption Duration and Eruption Rates for the Roza Member of the Columbia River Basalt Group......Page 400
4.3. Flow Field Evolution and Thermal Efficiency......Page 404
5. POTENTIAL FOR ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS FROM FLOOD BASALT ERUPTIONS......Page 406
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 407
REFERENCES......Page 408
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRESTRIAL LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES......Page 412
THE PERSPECTIVE FROM THE PLANETARY GEOLOGICAL RECORD......Page 413
The Moon......Page 414
Mars......Page 419
Venus......Page 424
Other Planetary Bodies......Page 431
Implications for Plume Structure......Page 432
Relation to Geologic History......Page 433
REFERENCES......Page 434