Large Hadron Collider Phenomenology (Scottish Graduate Series)

LARGE HADRON COLLIDER PHENOMENOLOGY......Page 1
SUSSP Proceedings......Page 3
Lecturers......Page 5
Key to photograph of participants......Page 7
Organising Committee......Page 9
Directors’ Preface......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
1.2 Renormalization......Page 13
1.3 Early quantum field theories......Page 15
1.5 A renormalizable theory of weak interactions......Page 16
2 QED as an Abelian gauge theory......Page 17
2.1 Covariant Derivatives......Page 19
2.2 Gauge fixing......Page 20
3.1 Non-Abelian gauge transformations......Page 21
3.2 Non-Abelian gauge fields......Page 22
3.3 The Lagrangian for a general non-Abelian gauge theory......Page 23
3.4 Gauge fixing......Page 24
3.6 An example......Page 25
4.2 QCD......Page 28
7 4.3 Running coupling......Page 29
4.4 Quark (and gluon) confinement......Page 30
4.5 Infrared divergences......Page 31
5 Spontaneous symmetry breaking......Page 34
5.1 Spontaneous symmetry breaking......Page 35
5.3 The Higgs mechanism......Page 36
5.4 Gauge fixing......Page 37
(a) The unitary gauge:......Page 38
5.5 Renormalizability......Page 39
5.6 Spontaneous symmetry breaking in a non-Abelian gauge theory......Page 40
6.1 Left- and right- handed fermions......Page 41
6.2 SU(2) × U(1)......Page 42
6.3 W’s, Z’s and photons......Page 43
6.4 Weak interactions of leptons......Page 44
6.5 Fermion masses — Yukawa couplings......Page 46
6.6 Classifying the free parameters......Page 47
7.1 One generation of quarks......Page 48
7.3 Adding another generation......Page 49
7.4 The GIM mechanism......Page 51
7.5 Adding a third generation......Page 52
7.6 CP violation......Page 54
Appendix: Feynman rules for GWS model with one generation of leptons (in the unitary gauge)......Page 56
References......Page 61
1.1 The Lagrangian of Quantum Chromodynamics......Page 63
1.2 Feynman rules......Page 64
1.4 Beta function......Page 66
1.5 Lambda parameter......Page 68
1.6 Infrared divergences......Page 69
1.7 e+ e– annihilation cross section......Page 71
2.1 Deep inelastic scattering......Page 74
2.2 QCD corrections to the parton model......Page 77
2.3 Lowest order......Page 78
2.4 Gluon emission......Page 79
2.5 Factorization......Page 82
2.6 Splitting functions......Page 83
2.7 Scaling violation......Page 84
2.8 Singlet evolution......Page 85
3.1 DGLAP equation......Page 88
3.2 Quarks and gluons......Page 90
3.3 Solution by moments......Page 91
3.4 Sudakov form factor......Page 92
3.6 Monte Carlo method......Page 93
3.7 Soft gluon emission......Page 95
3.8 Proof of angular ordering......Page 96
3.9 Coherent branching......Page 97
4.1 Electroweak couplings......Page 99
4.2 Precision electroweak phenomena......Page 101
4.3 Custodial symmetry......Page 108
4.3.1 Violations of custodial symmetry......Page 109
4.4 Vector boson scattering......Page 110
A Dimensional regularization......Page 115
B QCD corrections to the electromagnetic vertex......Page 117
References......Page 120
1.1 Roadmap to physics beyond the standard model......Page 121
1.2 Bosons of mass construction......Page 123
1.3 Testing the standard model......Page 125
1.4 The electroweak vacuums......Page 127
1.5 Search for the Higgs boson......Page 130
2.2 Why supersymmetry?......Page 136
2.3 What is supersymmetry?......Page 138
2.4 Deconstructing Dirac......Page 141
2.5 Simplest supersymmetric field theories......Page 142
2.6 Building supersymmetric models......Page 145
2.7 Supersymmetry breaking......Page 148
2.8 Supergravity and local supersymmetry breaking......Page 150
2.9 Effective low-energy theory......Page 151
2.10 Sparticle masses and mixing......Page 153
3.1 Constraints on the MSSM......Page 156
3.2 Benchmark supersymmetric scenarios......Page 158
3.3 Linear e+e– colliders......Page 162
3.3.1 TeV-scale linear colliders......Page 163
3.3.2 CLIC......Page 165
4.1 The Big Bang and particle physics......Page 169
4.2 Density budget of the universe......Page 173
4.3 Supersymmetric dark matter......Page 175
4.4 Fine tuning......Page 177
4.5 Searches for dark matter particles......Page 178
5.1 Neutrino masses......Page 182
5.2 Models of neutrino masses and mixing......Page 183
5.3 Neutrino oscillations......Page 184
5.4 How to measure the seesaw parameters?......Page 187
5.5 Renormalization of soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters......Page 190
5.7 Baryogenesis and the leptogenesis connection......Page 194
5.8 Sneutrino inflation......Page 200
6.1 The road to GUTs......Page 204
6.2 Simple GUT models......Page 206
6.3 Baryon decay......Page 208
6.4 Problems of gravity......Page 209
6.5 Introduction to string theory......Page 210
6.6 Beyond string......Page 213
6.7 Concluding remarks......Page 216
Bibliography......Page 217
1 Introduction......Page 228
2 CERN and the LHC......Page 229
3.1 Acceleration and deflection of charged particles......Page 231
3.2 Synchrotron radiation......Page 232
4 LHC layout and particle oscillations......Page 233
5.1 Beam-beam effect and crossing angle......Page 235
5.2 Luminosity insertions......Page 236
6.2 Challenges when operating with high beam current......Page 237
6.3 Challenges for LHC technology......Page 239
7.1 Main dipole magnets......Page 241
7.2 Superconducting cables......Page 243
7.3 Cryogenic system......Page 245
8.2 Powering operation and quench protection......Page 246
8.3 Beam operation and protection......Page 249
9.2 Beam dumping system......Page 250
9.3 Beam cleaning system......Page 252
9.4 Strategy for machine protection......Page 255
Acknowledgments......Page 256
References......Page 258
1 Introduction......Page 261
The γγ Decay of the Higgs Boson......Page 262
Search for the SM Higgs Boson in the High mass Region (700 < mH < 1 TeV)......Page 264
Supersymmetric Higgs Bosons......Page 265
3.1 The parameters of LHC......Page 266
4 The experimental challenge at the LHC......Page 267
5 Physics tools and algorithms......Page 269
5.2 Characteristics of minimum bias events......Page 270
5.3 Measurement of momentum......Page 272
Multiple Scattering......Page 273
Longitudinal Development of the Electromagnetic Cascade......Page 275
Lateral Development of the Electromagnetic Shower......Page 276
The Longitudinal Development of the Hadronic Cascade......Page 278
5.5 Electron reconstruction......Page 281
5.6 Gamma reconstruction......Page 282
5.7 ECAL calibration......Page 283
5.8 Jets at LHC......Page 284
Jet Reconstruction......Page 286
Jet Energy Measurement using Energy Flow......Page 287
5.9 Missing ET......Page 288
5.10 Identification of b-jets......Page 289
5.11 Identification of jets from hadronic τ-decays......Page 291
5.13 Photon – π0 separation......Page 294
5.14 Identification of muons......Page 295
6 The proton-proton experiments at the LHC......Page 296
6.1 ATLAS......Page 297
6.2 The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)......Page 298
ATLAS......Page 299
CMS......Page 300
6.4 Inner tracking......Page 301
ATLAS Inner Tracker......Page 303
CMS Inner Tracker......Page 304
6.5 Electronics for LHC experiments......Page 305
Electronics of Sub-detectors......Page 306
CMS Calorimeters......Page 307
ATLAS Calorimeters......Page 308
ATLAS Muon System......Page 312
CMS Muon System......Page 313
7 Trigger and data acquisition System......Page 315
7.1 Level-1 trigger......Page 316
7.2 Higher level triggers and data acquisition......Page 319
8 Physics reach in the first year......Page 321
9 Conclusion......Page 323
References......Page 324
1 Introduction......Page 325
2 The LHC challenge......Page 326
3 The LHC computing review......Page 328
4 “Data Grid” projects......Page 330
6 The LHC Computing Grid Project (LCG)......Page 334
7 Particle physics and e-science, e-infrastructure, cyberinfrastructure......Page 337
References......Page 338
1 Introduction......Page 339
2 Reaching beyond the standard model......Page 340
3 Higgs searches......Page 342
3.1 Higgs searches at LEP......Page 343
3.3 Higgs searches at the LHC......Page 344
3.3.1 H yy......Page 347
3.3.2 H bb......Page 349
3.3.3 H ZZ llll......Page 351
3.4 Summary of the LHC Higgs search reach......Page 353
4.1 The Higgs mass and the hierarchy problem......Page 355
4.2 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM)......Page 358
4.3 Supersymmetry breaking......Page 361
4.4 SUSY breaking mechanisms......Page 362
5.1 The LHC SUSY discovery reach......Page 363
5.2 Reconstructing SUSY particle masses......Page 365
5.3 Extracting the SUSY model parameters......Page 368
5.4.2 Slow decays of the......Page 370
5.4.4 Slow decays of sleptons......Page 371
5.4.5 Extracting the parameters of GMSB models......Page 372
5.5 R-parity violating models......Page 373
6 Extra space dimensions......Page 374
6.1 Experimental limits on extra dimensions from gravity experiments and supernovae......Page 375
6.2 Searches for large extra dimensions at colliders......Page 376
6.3 Small extra dimensions......Page 378
7 Conclusions......Page 379
References......Page 380
1 Introduction......Page 382
2.1 Neutral meson mixing......Page 383
2.2 CP violation in meson decays......Page 385
2.2.1 CP violation in the mixing......Page 387
2.2.2 CP violation in the decay......Page 388
2.2.4 The parameters ε and ε......Page 389
3 Weak decays in the standard model......Page 391
3.1 B mixing in the standard model......Page 392
3.2 CP violation in the standard model......Page 393
3.3 The unitarity triangles......Page 395
4 B physics facilities......Page 398
4.1 BaBar and Belle......Page 399
4.2 CDF and DO Run-II......Page 400
5 B physics experimental programme......Page 402
5.1 Stage 1: Vcb and Vub......Page 404
5.2 Stage 2: Vtd and Vts......Page 406
5.3 Stage 3: The B0 d Mixing Phase......Page 407
5.4 Stage 4: Future......Page 410
6 Next generation B physics experiments......Page 411
6.1 LHCb......Page 414
6.2 BTeV......Page 415
7.1 B production......Page 416
7.2 B Decay......Page 417
7.2.2 The Bd 0 mixing phase......Page 418
7.2.3 The B0s mixing phase......Page 420
7.2.4 The weak decay phase......Page 421
7.3 Tests for new physics......Page 424
7.4 Rare B decays......Page 426
References......Page 427
2 QCD at high temperature: the quark-gluon plasma......Page 429
3 Probes of ultradense matter......Page 434
4 Structure of nuclei at small x......Page 437
5 Matter formation and breakup......Page 439
6 The first three years at RHIC......Page 441
7 Heavy ions at the LHC......Page 444
References......Page 447
1 Introduction......Page 449
2 Total and elastic pp cross sections......Page 451
3 Diffraction......Page 456
4 Low-x......Page 464
5 Forward physics and cosmic rays......Page 467
6 Two-photon physics......Page 469
7 Running the LHC at lower energies......Page 473
8 Detectors for forward physics......Page 475
References......Page 477