Languages in a Global World - Nieizviestnyi

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Table of contents
List of Contributors
Key concepts and acronyms
Preface: Language learning and culture in a time of globalisation
Executive summary
Introduction: User’s guide
Globalisation, languages and motivations
	Learning languages in a globalising world
		Which “languages” are we talking about?
		Formal and traditional educational contexts: Some issues
		Contextual factors of motivation and success
		Are theories useful?
		Can plurilinguality help move towards a more “global awareness”?
		Notes
		References
	Motivation and second language acquisition
		Introduction
		Motivation and second language acquisition
		Group differences in L2 motivation
		Note
		References
	Motivational theories on language learning
		Introduction
		Stimulus‑appraisal theory
		Self-determination theory
		Mindset theory
		Summary of findings and implications
		References
	Economic incentives for language acquisition
		Introduction
		Background: Globalisation and the role of languages
		Policy relevance
		Focus on economic dimensions
		Notes
		References
		Annex 4.A1. Summary of the evidence
	Bilingual education policy and language learning in Estonia and Singapore
		Introduction
		Why multilingualism?
		Estonia
		Singapore
		Discussion
		References
Cultures, languages and identities
	Seeing the world through our hands: A cross-cultural gesture review
		Introduction to the gesture
		Cross-cultural gesture differences
		Gesture in teaching and learning a non‑native language (NNL)
		Conclusions
		References
	Ideologies and alphabet reforms in Central Asia
		Introduction
		Linguistic materialism
		The Latinisation: “Great revolution in the east”
		Cyrillisation: To unite and isolate
		The Latinisation: New era
		Disputes over Latinisation of Kazakh language
		Conclusions
		Glossary
		References
	Verlan, l'envers: Reversing language and reflecting culture
		Introduction
		What is verlan?
		A (brief) history of argot and verlan
		A contemporary context
		The in-crowd: Inclusion through the use of verlan
		The outside looking in: Exclusion through the use of verlan
		Influence: Verlan’s role in language socialisation
		Implications for the present and the future
		Notes
		Annex 8.A1. Examples of words in verlan, the transformative process, and their morphologies
		Annex 8.A2. “Thé à la menthe” – La Caution
		References
	Cochlear implants, deaf culture and narrowly defined cultural characteristics
		Introduction
		Background
		Cochlear implants and Deaf culture
		Implications
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	Neuroscientific research and the study of sign language
		Introduction
		Language and neuroscience
		Signed languages and neuroscience
		Discussion
		Recommendations for future research
		Annex 10.A1. The world’s signed languages
		Notes
		References
Landscapes, languages and policies
	Competencies in Canada in a globalisation context
		Two‑way relationships between language competencies and globalisation
		Language wealth in Canada: A case study
		Factors affecting the growth and decline of language wealth
		Fostering linguistic competencies in Canada
		Individual and societal returns to linguistic competencies in a globalising world
		Conclusions
		References
	Catalan language policy and the challenge of new immigration: Nosaltres parlem Catalá
		Introduction
		A history of Catalan language survival
		Llei de Normalització Linguistíca: A political and legal framework for re‑establishing Catalan
		The challenge of foreign immigration
		Policy adaptations in response to the new challenges
		Conclusions
		References
	Education and creativity in Tanzania
		Aid organisations and education in Tanzania
		The Umoja Arts Centre: A different approach
		Segregation and education
		Arts, education, and participation at Umoja Arts Centre
		Creativity and education
		Conclusions
		Note
		References
	English as a multicultural language for international communication in Asia
		Introduction: English as a multicultural language
		Diffusion and adaptation
		World Englishes
		English as an Asian language
		The multiculturalism of English as an Asian language
		Expanding the capacity of English as a multicultural language
		English across cultures and diversity management: The need for a pedagogical response
		Conclusions
		Note
		References
	Language education in Japan and Korea: Policies, practices and challenges
		Introduction
		Framework for analysis
		English language education in the history
		Responding to globalisation: Reforms in NNL education for the 21st century
		Challenges ahead
		Annex 15.A1. Chronology of English education in Korea and Japan
		References
	Language learning and Chamorro culture in Guam
		Introduction
		Behaviourism: Why it failed and what it has taught us
		Breakthroughs in non‑native language learning theories: Error analysis and interlanguage
		Language socialisation
		Teaching a second language through culture
		Thought experiment: A Chamorro classroom
		Conclusions
		Note
		References
	Language learning in Peru: “De mi cerebro, su neurona”
		Introduction
		Bilingualism and cultural preservation in Peru: Educational goals?
		From Quechua to Spanish: A concern with functional convergence
		A neuroscientific approach to understanding second language (L2) learning
		Perspectives for improvement and the relevance of cognitive stimulation
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
Movements, languages and migrations
	Why study abroad? Why not!
		Introduction
		Why study abroad?
		Overview of study abroad trends and statistics
		Government support for study abroad
		Language and study abroad survey
		Conclusions
		Annex 18.A1. Sample survey
		References
	Migrants, language and education: An international perspective
		Introduction
		Rationale: Canada and the United States
		Overview of national contexts: Post-1945 immigration
		Overview of national contexts: Citizenship and incorporation
		Policy and non‑policy on cultural and linguistic diversity
		Immigrant integration via language
		Integration of immigrant youth in schools
		Immigrant education in the United States
		Immigrant education in Canada
		Conclusions on Canada and the United States
		Conclusions
		References
	Migrants, early tracking and social mobility
		Introduction
		Ethnic, cultural, geographic background and Bourdieu’s habitus
		Socio‑economic background and the role of Bourdieu’s capital
		Language competencies
		Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
		School leaving certificates
		Professional training
		Bourdieu’s “social reproduction”
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	How the Mexican education system contributes to emigration
		Introduction
		Mexican migration trends
		Education in Mexico: Helping or hindering emigration?
		What can be done to prepare students for jobs today?
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	Intercultural or multicultural education in Europe and the United States
		Introduction
		Data and figures
		Intercultural education as official policy at EU level
		Mutual contributions among the United States and EU
		Notes
		References
Learning languages, means and ends
	Cosmopolitan education: Building on a biological inclination for care in a globalised world
		Introduction
		Biological and cultural evolution
		A biological inclination for care
		A cosmopolitan ethic of care
		The role of schools
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	Music as an underutilised and underappreciated tool for language learning
		Music as a tool for teaching languages and enhancing learning
		Conclusions
		References
	“Expansion of our own being”: Language learning, cultural belonging and global awareness
		Introduction
		Is teaching/learning non‑native languages really that important?
		“Those who do not know other languages know nothing of their own” (Goethe)
		Languages shape worldviews…
		A tesseract against the tyranny of doxa and intolerance: Toward “global awareness”?
		Fostering a positive, local-global dialectic through language education: necessary…
		…but not sufficient
		Notes
		Acknowledgements and farewell
		References
	Epilogue - Prospects for language policies in an age of globalisation
		Historical legacies
		New realities
		Changing language policies in education
		To finish