Language Use in Rural Development: An African Perspective

Preface
Prologue
Chapter 1. Languages and rural development
1.1 Development and language in Africa
1.2 Bringing language and rural development together
1.3 The multilingual environment
1.4 Planning language use
1.4.1 Language policies
1.4.2 The languages-development debate
1.4.3 Languages and political development
1.4.4 Language rights
1.4.5 Languages and economic development
1.5 Languages and rural development intervention
1.5.1 Conceptual perspectives
1.5.2 Interaction in local communities
1.5.3 Adult education and literacy
1.5.4 Concluding comment
1.6 Parameters of rural development
1.6.1 Defining rural development
1.6.2 Communication in rural development
1.6.3 The place of the local language
Chapter 2. Linking languages and development: Approaches and methods
2.1 Methodology selection
2.1.1 An initial hypothesis
2.1.2 An experimental approach?
2.2 An ethnographic approach
2.2.1 Analytical concepts
2.2.2 Comparability and generalisability
2.3 The role of statistical analysis
2.4 Instrument design and data collection
2.4.1 Observation
2.4.2 Interviews
2.4.3 Questionnaires
2.4.4 Language attitude statements
2.4.5 Development attitude survey
2.4.6 Ethnosemantics
2.4.7 Local secondary data
2.4.8 Summary tables
2.5 Relationships between data in the analysis
Chapter 3. The context
3.1 Rural development
3.1.1 Cameroon – national level
3.1.2 Ombessa — local level
3.2 Languages
3.2.1 Language policy and practice in Cameroon
3.2.2 Relationships between languages in Cameroon
3.2.3 Languages in the Ombessa area
Chapter 4. Languages and development in the community
4.1 Concepts of development
4.1.1 Official development strategies
4.1.2 Local concepts and attitudes
4.1.3 Ethnosemantics — the term “development” in Nugunu
4.2 Use of languages in the community
4.2.1 Observed language use
4.2.2 Self-reported use
4.2.3 Language attitudes
4.3 Concluding summary
Chapter 5. The use of languages in development intervention
5.1 Official development intervention
5.1.1 Language use mismatch
5.2 Individual development interaction
5.2.1 Development interaction indices
5.2.2 Language use index
5.3 Development meetings
5.3.1 Development meetings: proceedings
5.3.2 Development meetings: critical analysis
5.4 Two cameos of language use
5.4.1 A health education session
5.4.2 An example of individual language use
5.5 Concluding comment
Chapter 6. Languages in rural development: Issues and implications
6.1. Two key issues
6.1.1 Identity
6.1.2 Power
6.1.3 And the local language...?
6.2 Laying a basis for language choice
6.3 Matters arising
6.3.1 Sociolinguistic issues
6.3.2 Development issues
6.4 Languages, communication and development
Notes
Appendix 1: Villager Questionnaire
Appendix 2: Questionnaire to Development Agencies
Appendix 3: Questionnaire to Development Agents
Appendix 4: Language Attitude Statements
Appendix 5: Chaudenson’s status and usage categories
Appendix 6: Development of Nugunu
Appendix 7: Matched Guise Technique (MGT) Texts
Appendix 8: Nugunu ethnosemantic data
References
Index