Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Volume 1, Clause Structure

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 13
Tables......Page 14
Contributors......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 16
Abbreviations and symbols......Page 18
0 Introduction......Page 23
1 Open classes......Page 25
1.1 Nouns......Page 27
1.2 Verbs......Page 31
1.3 Adjectives......Page 35
1.4 Adverbs......Page 41
2 Closed classes......Page 44
2.1 Pronouns and other pro-forms......Page 46
2.2 Noun adjuncts......Page 56
2.3 Verb adjuncts......Page 62
2.4 Conjunctions......Page 67
2.5 Other closed classes......Page 74
3 Suggestions for further reading......Page 82
1.1 Verb-final languages......Page 83
1.2 Verb-initial languages......Page 86
1.3 SVO languages......Page 90
1.4 Object-initial languages......Page 93
1.5 Interim summary......Page 94
2 Identifying basic word order......Page 95
3.1.1 Identifying subjects......Page 100
3.1.2 The order of subject, object, and verb......Page 101
3.2 Identification of manner adverbs......Page 102
3.3 Identification of prepositions and postpositions......Page 103
3.3.2 Case affixes versus adpositional clitics......Page 104
3.3.3 Adpositions and relational nouns......Page 107
3.4.1 Alienable versus inalienable possession......Page 108
4 Exceptions to word order generalizations......Page 109
5.1 Verb and adpositional phrases......Page 111
5.3 Main verb and auxiliary verb......Page 112
5.5 Question particles......Page 113
5.6 Complementizer and clause......Page 115
5.7 Article and noun......Page 116
6.1 Noun and relative clause......Page 118
6.2 Plural word and noun......Page 120
6.3.1 Subordinator and clause......Page 121
6.3.2 Complementizer and clause......Page 122
7.1.1 The absence of a correlation with the order of object and verb......Page 123
7.1.2 Identifying adjectives......Page 124
7.2 Demonstrative and noun......Page 126
7.4 Negative particle and verb......Page 127
7.6 Degree word and adjective......Page 129
8.1 Position of interrogative expressions in content questions......Page 130
9 Other sorts of implicational generalizations......Page 132
10 Order among elements at the same level......Page 133
11 Languages with flexible word order......Page 135
12 Typological versus language-particular description of word order......Page 136
13 Examples of summaries of word order properties......Page 137
13.1 Siyin Chin......Page 138
13.2 Batad Ifugao......Page 142
14 Summary......Page 151
15 Suggestions for further reading......Page 152
0 Introduction......Page 154
1.1 Semantic roles......Page 157
1.1.1 Agent and patient......Page 159
1.1.2 Other semantic roles......Page 162
1.2.1 Order and arrangement......Page 163
1.2.2 NP-marking......Page 164
1.2.3 Cross-referencing......Page 167
1.3 Pragmatic functions......Page 170
1.3.1 Topics and topic–comment articulation......Page 171
1.3.3 Thetic articulation......Page 172
2.1 Types of grammatical function......Page 174
2.2 External functions......Page 176
2.3.1 Obliques (pps) in English......Page 179
2.3.2 Obliques in Warlpiri......Page 183
3 Core grammatical functions......Page 186
3.1 Subjects......Page 187
3.1.2 Subjects and coding features in ordinary main clauses......Page 188
3.1.3 Subject ellipsis......Page 190
3.1.4 Coding features in non-main clauses......Page 196
3.1.5 Switch reference......Page 198
3.1.6 Reflexivization......Page 199
3.1.7 Other properties of subjects......Page 201
3.2.1 Direct objects and second objects......Page 202
3.2.2 Indirect objects......Page 210
3.2.3 Other core relations......Page 213
3.3 Syntactic ergativity......Page 215
4 Reconsidering grammatical relations......Page 219
4.1 Mixed syntactic ergativity......Page 220
4.2 The Philippine type......Page 224
4.3 The universal status of a- and p-subjects......Page 233
4.3.1 Manipuri......Page 234
4.3.2 Split intransitivity......Page 238
6 Suggestions for further reading......Page 244
1 Nonverbal predicates......Page 246
1.1 Types of copulas......Page 247
1.2 Adjectival predicates......Page 249
1.3 Nominal predicates......Page 251
1.4 Equational clauses versus clauses with true nominal predicates......Page 255
1.5 Optional copulas......Page 258
1.6.1 Locative copulas......Page 260
1.6.2 Existential clauses......Page 262
1.6.3 Existential clauses for expressing predicate possession......Page 266
1.6.4 Other types of existential clauses......Page 268
1.7 Minor types of clauses with nonverbal predicates......Page 269
2.1 Transitive versus intransitive clauses......Page 272
2.2 Ergative versus accusative patterns......Page 273
2.3 Ditransitive clauses......Page 275
2.4.1 Stative versus nonstative clauses......Page 281
2.4.2 Split intransitivity......Page 283
2.4.3 Zero-intransitive (or ambient) clauses......Page 289
2.5 Semi-transitive clauses......Page 292
2.6 Clauses with derived verbs......Page 296
3 Suggestions for further reading......Page 297
1 Speech acts and sentence types......Page 298
2 Declarative sentences......Page 306
2.1 Declaratives in relation to the other basic types......Page 307
2.2 Interaction with evidentiality......Page 310
3 Interrogative sentences......Page 312
3.1.1 Intonational marking......Page 314
3.1.2 Interrogative particles......Page 316
3.1.3 Interrogative tags......Page 318
3.1.4 Disjunctive-negative structures......Page 319
3.1.5 Change in the order of constituents......Page 320
3.2 Constituent interrogatives......Page 321
4 Imperative sentences......Page 325
4.1 Positive imperatives......Page 326
4.2 Negative imperatives (prohibitives)......Page 330
4.3 Indirect strategies......Page 333
4.4 Related constructions......Page 335
5.1 Exclamatives......Page 338
5.2 Echo questions......Page 340
5.3 Nonfinite presentatives......Page 341
5.4 Answers to questions......Page 342
6 Summary and conclusion......Page 344
7 Suggestions for further reading......Page 345
1 Passive as a foregrounding and backgrounding operation......Page 347
2.1 General properties of basic passives......Page 350
2.2 The syntactic form of basic passives......Page 354
2.2.1 Strict morphological passives......Page 355
2.2.2 Periphrastic passives......Page 358
2.3 The semantics of basic passives......Page 361
2.3.1 Aspectual differences......Page 362
2.3.2 Degree of subject affectedness......Page 363
3.1.1 Agent phrases in non-passive constructions......Page 364
3.1.2 The form of agent phrases......Page 365
3.2 Passives on non-transitive verbs......Page 367
3.3 Passives on ditransitive verb phrases......Page 370
3.4 Other passives with non-patient subjects......Page 372
4.1 Middles......Page 374
4.2 Unspecified subject constructions......Page 376
4.3 Inverses......Page 378
5 The functional load of passive in grammars......Page 381
6 Suggestions for further reading......Page 383
0 Introduction......Page 384
1.1 Conceptual events, participants and perspective......Page 386
1.2 Parameters governing actor choices......Page 392
1.3 Parameters governing undergoer choices......Page 396
1.4 Intransitive verbs and the unaccusative/unergative split......Page 402
2.1 The nature of argument structure......Page 405
2.2 The notion of pivot......Page 411
2.3 A typology of pivots......Page 416
3.1 The discourse status of noun phrases......Page 424
3.2 The information status of noun phrases......Page 431
3.3 The animacy hierarchy......Page 435
3.4 Topics, pivots, and prominence......Page 438
4.1 Passive constructions......Page 440
4.1.1 Foregrounding passives......Page 444
4.1.2 Backgrounding passives......Page 445
4.1.3 Summary......Page 449
4.2 Antipassive constructions......Page 451
4.2.1 Foregrounding antipassives......Page 452
4.2.2 Backgrounding antipassives......Page 455
4.3 Applicative constructions......Page 459
4.4 Summary of clause-internal packaging constructions......Page 463
5 On clause-external packaging options: topicalizations, left dislocations, and right dislocations......Page 464
6 Suggestions for further reading......Page 468
Bibliography......Page 469
Subject index......Page 492