Language and Gender (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Illustrations......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Introduction......Page 15
CHAPTER 1 Constructing, deconstructing and reconstructing gender......Page 23
Sex and gender......Page 24
Dichotomous beginnings: It’s a boy! It’s a girl!......Page 29
Learning asymmetry......Page 34
Separation......Page 36
The heterosexual market......Page 39
Developing desire......Page 42
Keeping gender: the gender order......Page 46
Convention and ideology......Page 48
‘‘Essences’’ and the nature of the dichotomy......Page 49
Division of labor......Page 51
Ideology, belief, and dominance......Page 55
Institutions......Page 58
Masculinities and femininities......Page 61
Gender practice......Page 64
CHAPTER 2 Linking the linguistic to the social......Page 66
Changing practices, changing ideologies......Page 67
The social locus of change......Page 69
The speech community......Page 70
Communities of practice......Page 71
Face......Page 73
Linguistic resources......Page 74
Phonology......Page 75
Morphology......Page 77
Gender in grammar......Page 78
Lexicon......Page 84
Syntax......Page 86
Discourse......Page 89
Semantics and pragmatics......Page 92
Analytic practice......Page 93
The hall of mirrors......Page 94
Stereotypes in language and gender research......Page 98
From observation to generalization......Page 101
CHAPTER 3 Organizing talk......Page 105
Access to situations and events......Page 106
Looking like a professor......Page 108
Networks......Page 110
Speech activities......Page 112
Gossip reconsidered......Page 113
Arguing......Page 115
Speech situations and events......Page 117
Frames......Page 119
Genres......Page 121
The pursuit of conversation......Page 123
Interruptions......Page 125
Who does all the talking?......Page 128
Speech and silence......Page 133
Conversational styles and conversationalists’ character......Page 136
CHAPTER 4 Making social moves......Page 143
Speech act theory......Page 144
Functions of talk and motives of talkers: gender oppositions......Page 147
Politeness......Page 148
Affective and instrumental talk......Page 153
Intimacy and autonomy, cooperativeness and competitiveness......Page 154
Speech acts embedded in social action......Page 158
What is a compliment?......Page 159
Evaluation as facework......Page 163
‘‘Do they really mean it?’’ What’s the key?......Page 166
Beyond conversation......Page 170
CHAPTER 5 Positioning ideas and subjects......Page 171
‘‘Women’s language’’ and gendered positioning......Page 172
Showing deference or respect?......Page 174
Addressing......Page 175
Talking about addressees......Page 176
Honorifics......Page 178
Tags......Page 181
Uptalk......Page 187
Who cares?: intensity and engagement......Page 190
Vocal and verbal italics......Page 191
‘‘Strong’’ language......Page 195
Calibrating commitment and enlisting support......Page 197
Discourse particles and hedges......Page 198
Sentence-final particles in Japanese......Page 200
Speaking indirectly......Page 202
Case study......Page 206
Aspects of meaning in communicative practice......Page 209
Encoded meaning: the language matters......Page 211
Saying/interpreting......Page 213
Implying/inferring......Page 214
Presupposing: gender schemas and ideologies......Page 217
Assigning roles and responsibility......Page 221
Making metaphors......Page 227
Sex/gender as the source of metaphor......Page 229
Sex/gender as the topic of metaphor......Page 234
Metaphor makers......Page 238
Labeling disputes and histories......Page 242
Category boundaries and criteria......Page 246
Patrolling boundaries......Page 247
Anchoring concepts in discourse......Page 248
Highlighting fields......Page 252
Social categories in (inter)action......Page 254
Kinds of contrast: polar opposites vs. default generics......Page 256
Elaborating marked concepts......Page 260
Category asymmetry......Page 261
Default (sub)category erasure......Page 263
Category nesting: gender inside gender......Page 265
Pronouns......Page 268
Gender (dis)agreement......Page 271
Genderizing processes......Page 273
New labels, new categories......Page 275
Languages, dialects, varieties......Page 280
The linguistic market......Page 285
Bilingualism in St. Pierre de Soulan......Page 287
Martha’s Vineyard......Page 288
Belten High School......Page 289
Language ideologies and linguistic varieties......Page 290
Case study: standardization and the Japanese woman......Page 292
Gender and language ideologies......Page 295
Gender and the use of linguistic varieties......Page 296
Access......Page 302
Whose speech is more standard?......Page 306
CHAPTER 9 Fashioning selves......Page 319
Stylistic practice......Page 320
Style and performativity......Page 329
Legitimate and illegitimate performances......Page 334
One small step......Page 339
Where are we headed?......Page 344
Bibliography......Page 347
Index......Page 371