Landscaping Principles and Practices

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 13
Introduction: An Overview of the Landscape Industry......Page 15
Section 1 Landscape Designing......Page 22
The Purposes of the Drawings and the Tools of Choice......Page 23
The Tools and How They Work......Page 24
Getting Started......Page 31
The Importance of Lettering......Page 34
Methods of Lettering......Page 35
Same Design, Different Views......Page 46
Landscape Symbols......Page 51
Explaining an Idea with Symbols......Page 55
Labeling......Page 56
Design Sheet Layout......Page 58
Different Drawings for Different Requirements......Page 61
Graphic Media......Page 64
The Layout of Graphic Presentations......Page 73
Understanding the Site......Page 78
Site Features and Characteristics......Page 79
Sources of Site Information......Page 80
Reading the Terrain......Page 83
Grading the Land......Page 86
Preparing a Base Map......Page 89
Landscaping as a Process......Page 95
Interviewing the Client......Page 98
Diagrams and Drawings Within the Design Process......Page 102
Outdoor Use Areas......Page 106
The Outdoor Room Concept......Page 110
Designing with Plants......Page 120
Plant Forms Available......Page 121
Plant Nomenclature......Page 125
Selecting the Proper Plant......Page 126
Grading Standards......Page 138
The Foundation for Designing......Page 158
Applying the Principles of Design to Landscape Designing......Page 163
Material Characteristics Supportive of the Design Principles......Page 173
The Uses and Limitations of Flowers in the Landscape......Page 180
Different Flowers Have Different Life Spans......Page 182
Flower Beds and Flower Borders......Page 184
Designing Flower Plantings......Page 186
Xeriscape: Water-wise Landscaping......Page 191
The Benefits of Xeriscaping......Page 199
The Seven Principles of Xeriscaping
......Page 200
Applying Xeriscape Principles to Designing......Page 202
Hardscape: An Umbrella Term......Page 209
Selection Criteria......Page 213
Familiar Materials in New Roles......Page 216
Changing Levels in the Landscape......Page 219
Walks, Drives, and Stepping Stones......Page 222
Water Features......Page 223
Constructing a Recirculating Water Feature......Page 224
Outdoor Lighting......Page 226
Landscape Enrichment Is Something Extra......Page 239
Tangible and Intangible, Natural and Fabricated......Page 240
Is the Enrichment Item Necessary?......Page 247
Technology Is Dynamic......Page 250
Sources of New Technology......Page 251
The Forms and Types of Technology in Landscaping......Page 252
Design Software......Page 253
The Future......Page 259
Cost Determinations......Page 262
Cost and Price......Page 263
Specifications......Page 264
Preparing the Estimate......Page 265
The Purpose of the Proposal......Page 270
Presentations Take Many Forms......Page 271
Assist the Clients—Don’t Sell Them......Page 273
Closing the Presentation......Page 275
Section 2 Landscape Contracting......Page 278
The Landscape Take-Off......Page 279
Sources of the Data......Page 280
Typical Sequence of Calculations for Landscape Take-Offs......Page 281
Typical Calculations Required for Take-Offs......Page 283
Pit and Ball Calculations......Page 296
Trench Volumes......Page 298
The Importance of Contracts......Page 304
Types of Contractual Associations......Page 305
How Landscape Contractors Are Selected......Page 309
The Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 313
The Documents......Page 315
The Complete Contract......Page 327
Importance of Specifications......Page 329
Masterformat......Page 330
Standard and Customized Specifications......Page 331
Uniformity in Preparation of Project Manuals......Page 332
Methods of Specifying......Page 333
When Changes Are Needed......Page 334
Staffing: The Industry’s Number One Problem......Page 337
The Career Opportunities......Page 339
Qualities Needed for Career Success......Page 340
Successful Matchup: Creating a Win-Win Relationship......Page 343
The Importance of Proper Installation......Page 346
The Soil for Installation......Page 347
Methods of Installation......Page 348
Mulching......Page 356
Using Antitranspirants......Page 357
Problems of Arid Regions......Page 358
Planting in the Southeast......Page 359
Comparison of Turfgrasses......Page 363
Purchasing Grass Seed......Page 371
Mixtures, Blends, and Single-Species Lawns......Page 372
Selecting the Method of Lawn Installation......Page 375
Proper Lawn Construction......Page 377
Calibrating a Spreader......Page 382
Irrigation......Page 385
The Terminology of Landscape Irrigation......Page 386
Sprinkler Irrigation......Page 389
Sizing Irrigation Pipe......Page 392
Calculating Working Water Pressure......Page 393
Selecting and Locating Sprinklers......Page 397
Trickle Irrigation......Page 399
The Future......Page 400
Containerizing Plants, Past and Present......Page 404
Light and Interior Plantings......Page 406
The Growing Medium......Page 416
Watering and Drainage......Page 419
Other Concerns......Page 420
The Interdisciplinary Team......Page 423
The Future......Page 424
The Water Garden as a Component of the Larger Garden......Page 428
Balancing Nature in the Water Garden......Page 429
Planting and Installing Aquatics......Page 431
Overwintering the Water Garden......Page 432
Section 3 Landscape Maintenance......Page 438
Sustained Care of Plantings......Page 439
Pest Control......Page 443
Pruning Trees and Shrubs......Page 444
Flower Plantings......Page 452
Plant Injuries and Their Causes......Page 456
How Insects and Diseases Are Spread......Page 458
The Symptoms of Injury......Page 459
Determining the Cause......Page 461
The Principles of Control......Page 463
Pesticides......Page 465
Pesticide Formulations......Page 466
Integrated Pest Management......Page 467
Lawn Care......Page 473
Lawn Fertilization......Page 476
Watering the Lawn......Page 479
Mowing the Lawn......Page 480
Damage to Lawns......Page 481
Types of Winter Injury......Page 486
Reducing Winter Injury......Page 490
The Need for Cost Analysis in Landscape Maintenance......Page 494
Two Methods of Maintenance Cost Calculations......Page 495
Calculations for Unit Cost Analysis......Page 496
The Completed Cost Estimate......Page 498
It’s a Risky Business......Page 502
Safety Regulations Established by Government......Page 504
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)......Page 508
Safe Practice at the Work Site......Page 510
THE FINAL WORD: Customer Service......Page 514
APPENDIX A: Examples of Landscape Designs......Page 518
APPENDIX B: Tools of the Trade......Page 532
APPENDIX C: Examples of Plant Diseases and Insect Injuries......Page 541
Seeing What Is Not Yet There......Page 550
Botany......Page 565
Fertilizers, Chemicals......Page 566
Flowers, Plants......Page 567
Landscaping......Page 568
Outdoor Living......Page 569
Soil Conditioners......Page 570
Turf......Page 571
Wildflowers......Page 572
Glossary......Page 573
Index......Page 583