Land subsidence mitigation : aquifer recharge using treated wastewater injection

Content: CONTENTSPrefaceAcknowledgementsAuthorConversionsAcronyms and AbbreviationsCHAPTER 1 THE UPSIDE-DOWN SOMBREROIntroductionAbout 33 to 35 Million Years AgoA Whole Bunch of Shock and Very Little AweMeteorite TermsThe Earth-Changing EventEffects of the Chesapeake Bay Bolide ImpactLocation of Chesapeake BayRiver DiversionGround Instability Due to FaultingDisruption of Coastal AquifersLand SubsidenceThe Bottom LineReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 2 Soil BasicsIntroductionSoil what is it?Key Terms DefinedAll about SoilFunctions of SoilSoil as a Plant Growth MediumSoil as a Regulator of Water SuppliesSoil as a Recycler of Raw MaterialsSoil as a Habitat for soil OrganismsSoil as an Engineering MediumSoil as a Source of MaterialsConcurrent Soil FunctionsSoil BasicsPhysical Properties of SoilSoil SeparatesSoil FormationWeathering Factors that Influence Weathering Categories of Weathering ProcessesSoil CharacterizationDiagnostic Horizons, Temperature, and Moisture RegimesSoil TaxonomySoil OrdersSoil SubordersSoil Great Groups and SubgroupsSoil Families and SeriesThe Bottom LineReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 3 The Science of Soil MechanicsSoil MechanicsWeight-Volume or Space and Volume RelationshipsSoil Particles CharacteristicsSoil StressSoil CompressibilitySoil CompactionSoil FailureSoil WaterWater and SoilWater: What is it?Water Physical PropertiesThe Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)Soil WaterReferences and Recommended Reading CHAPTER 4 Basic Water HydraulicsWhat is Water Hydraulics?Basic ConceptsStevin\'s LawDensity and Specific GravityForce and PressureHydrostatic PressureEffects of Water under PressureHeadStatic HeadFriction HeadVelocity HeadTotal Dynamic Head (Total System Head)Pressure and HeadHead and PressureFlow and Discharge Rates: Water in MotionArea and VelocityPressure and VelocityPiezometric Surface and Bernoulli\'s TheoremConservation of EnergyEnergy HeadPiezometric SurfaceHead LossHydraulic Grade Line (HGL)Bernoulli\'s TheoremBernoulli\'s EquationReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 5 Groundwater HydraulicsGroundwaterUnconfined AquifersSaturated ZoneCapillary FringeUnsaturated ZoneCapillarityHydrologic Properties of Water-Bearing MaterialsPorosityPrimary PorositySecondary PorosityControlling Porosity of Granular MaterialsVoid RatioPermeabilityIntrinsic PermeabilityHydraulic ConductivityTransmissivityWater Yielding and Retaining CapacitySpecific YieldSpecific RetentionConfined AquifersSteady Flow of GroundwaterDarcy\'s LawVelocityGroundwater Flow and Effects of PumpingThe 411 on WellsShallow WellsDeep WellsComponents of a Production WellWell HydraulicsBasic Well HydraulicsWell Drawdown CalculationsWell Yield CalculationsSpecific Yield CalculationsDepleting the Groundwater Bank AccountOverdrawing the Groundwater Bank AccountThe Bottom LineReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 6 Land SubsidenceVanishing LandWithdrawal from the Groundwater Bank AccountEffective StressPreconsolidation StressAquitards Role in CompactionSubsidence Model of Antelope ValleySubsidence in Silicon ValleyMining Groundwater in the San Joaquin ValleyCoastal Subsidence in Houston-Galveston AreaIn the \"Meadows\": Gambling is More than a GameGround FailuresReduced Storage CapacityEarth Fissures and Subsidence in South-Central ArizonaReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 7 The Vanishing of Hampton RoadsIntroductionHampton Roads: Sea Level RiseGlobal WarmingGreenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect and Global WarmingFactors Involved with Global Warming/CoolingHow is Climate Change Measured?Global Warming and Sea Level RiseMajor Physical Effects of Sea Level RiseMajor Direct Human Effects of Sea Level RiseLand Subsidence in Hampton RoadsWhy Land Subsidence is a Concern in the Chesapeake Bay RegionLand Subsidence Contributes to Relative Sea Level RiseLand Subsidence Increases Flooding RiskLand Subsidence Can Damage Wetland and Coastal Marsh EcosystemsLand Subsidence Can Damage InfrastructureAquifer CompactionGlacial Isostatic AdjustmentReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 8 Measuring and Monitoring Land SubsidenceMeasuring SubsidenceBorehole ExtensometersTidal StationsGeodetic SurveyInSARImportance of Land Subsidence MonitoringMonitoring MethodsBorehole Extensometers-Ongoing MonitoringGeodetic Surveying-Ongoing Monitoring 2016Tidal Stations-Ongoing Monitoring 2016Remote Sensing-Ongoing Monitoring 2016References and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 9 Every Problem has a SolutionHampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD)The Solution to Pollution in Chesapeake BayThe ProblemObjectivesThe Nansemond Treatment Plant Extensometer PlanExtensometer Station DesignExtensometer Station Monitoring ProgramThe PlanThe Bottom LineReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 10 Potomac Aquifer System IntroductionThe Potomac FormationInjection WellsSubsidence Control WellsInjection Well HydraulicsInjection OperationInjection Well Capacity EstimationEstimating Specific Capacity and InjectivityAvailable Head for InjectionFlexibility for Adjusting Injection Well CapacitiesNumber of Injection Wells Required at each Wastewater Treatment PlantAquifer Injection ModelingMathematical ModelingGroundwater Flow ModelingModeling ResultsArmy Base Treatment PlantBoat Harbor Treatment PlantJames River Treatment PlantNansemond Treatment PlantVirginia Initiative PlantWilliamsburg Treatment PlantYork River Treatment PlantSensitivity of Aquifer ParametersTransmissivityStorage CoefficientInjection RatesSimulation DurationStatic Water ElevationsWell InterferenceHampton Roads Region Groundwater FlowModel Injection RatesModel DurationThe Bottom LineReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 11 Native Groundwater and Injectate CompatibilityIntroductionHRSD\'s Water Management VisionGeochemical Challenges Facing SWIFT ProjectReduction in InjectivityPhysical PluggingMineral PrecipitationGeochemical ConcernsDamaging Clay MineralsMineral precipitationMineral DissolutionWater Quality and Aquifer MineralogyInjectate Water ChemistryReverse OsmosisNanofiltrationBiologically Activated CarbonNative GroundwaterUpper Potomac Aquifer ZoneMiddle Potomac Aquifer ZoneLower Potomac Aquifer ZoneGeochemical Assessment of Injectate and Groundwater ChemistryLithology of the Potomac Aquifer SystemLithologyCity of Chesapeake Aquifer Storage and Recovery Facility Core Samples Mineralogy-Geochemical ModelingStability of Clay MineralsSimulated Injectate-Water InteractionsMixingMixing Injectate and Native GroundwaterMixing in the Injection WellboreInjectate and Aquifer Mineral ReactionsSiderite DissolutionPyrite OxidationMitigating Pyrite OxidationThe Bottom LineReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 12 Feasibility of Advanced Water Purification ProcessesIntroductionBy the Book Only, Please!Those Playing by the Book in Indirect PotableAdditional Drinking Water ConsiderationsInjectate Water Quality ConcernsAdvanced Water Treatment ProcessesTreatment Plant Effluent Water QualityData Sources for EvaluationData EvaluationAdvanced Treatment Product Water QualityInorganic Water QualityOrganic Water QualityBulk OrganicsTrace OrganicsRO Concentrate DisposalPathogen RemovalDisinfection By-ProductsAnticipated Improvements to HRSD\'s Existing WWTPsThe Bottom LineReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 13 Membrane Concentrate ManagementIntroductionEvaluation ResultsRegulatory Setting for Surface Water DischargesPotential Future Membrane Concentrate Permit RequirementsDischarges in Accordance with Permits Allowing Similar Pollutant DischargeDischarges Based on Additional Concentrate Treatment to Reduce Key PollutantsTreatment of Reverse Osmosis/Nanofiltration ConcentrationTreatment Requirements Based on Discharge ObjectivesDischarge in Accordance with Current PermitsDischarges Based on Additional Concentrate TreatmentNutrient Discharge Comparison for Current and Projected Treatment OptionsProjected Pollutant Loading from Treatment OptionsThe Bottom LineReferences and Recommended ReadingCHAPTER 14 Cost EstimatesIntroductionCost Estimating ApproachTreatment TrainsInjection Well FacilitiesApproach and AssumptionsStandard Project AnalysisCapital Cost Plant Facility ModelInjection Well Facility CostsOperations and Maintenance CostsDesign CriteriaCost EstimatesCapital and Annual Operating CostsNet Present ValueDefine Period AnalysisCalculate Annual Cash FlowsSelect a Discount RateCalculate the Present ValueNet Present Value for each AWT TrainThe Bottom LineReferences and Recommended ReadingAfterword or BeforehandGlossary