Lagoa Santa Karst: Brazil's Iconic Karst Region (Cave and Karst Systems of the World)

Preface
Contents
1 History of Research in the Lagoa Santa Karst
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Initial Human Occupation
		2.1 Saltpetre Mining
	3 Peter Wilhelm Lund
		3.1 Reinhardt and Warming
		3.2 Lund’s Collection in Denmark
	4 Early Twentieth Century
		4.1 The Academy of Sciences of Minas Gerais
	5 Late Twentieth Century
		5.1 Palaeontology
		5.2 Archaeology
		5.3 Geomorphology and Speleology
	6 Present Times and Final Remarks
	References
2 The Geology of Lagoa Santa Karst
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Site Description
	3 The Geology of the Lagoa Santa Karst
		3.1 The Stratigraphy of the Lagoa Santa Karst
			3.1.1 Gneiss–Migmatitic Undifferentiated Complex
			3.1.2 Sete Lagoas Formation: Pedro Leopoldo and Lagoa Santa Members
			3.1.3 Serra de Santa Helena Formation
			3.1.4 Cenozoic Unconsolidated Sediments
	4 Geological Framework of the Lagoa Santa Karst
	5 Structural Geology of the Lagoa Santa Karst
	6 Geological Evolution of the Lagoa Santa Karst
	7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 The Vegetation of Lagoa Santa Karst
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Vegetation in Lagoa Santa Karst Present Landscape
		2.1 Floristic Aspects
		2.2 Vegetation Associated with Limestone Outcrops
		2.3 Deciduous Forest—The ‘Dry Forests’
		2.4 Semideciduous Forest
		2.5 Herbal Vegetation Associated to Dolines and Ponds
		2.6 Cerrado
	3 Phenology, Litter Production, and Nutrient Cycling in Deciduous and Semideciduous Forests
	4 Water Economy in Plants of the Exokarst
	5 The Conservation of Lagoa Santa Karst Vegetation
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 The Lagoa Santa Fauna: Historical Records
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Fish
	3 Amphibians
	4 Reptiles
	5 Birds
	6 Mammals
	7 Final Remarks
	References
5 The Waterbirds and Dynamics of Lagoa Santa Karst Temporary Lakes
	Abstract
	1 Environmental Heterogeneity and Biodiversity in Lagoa Santa Karst
	2 The Cycle of Flood and Drought of the Karst Lakes
	3 The Transition Between Terrestrial and Aquatic Phases of Temporary Lakes
	4 Waterbirds Associated with Karst Lakes
		4.1 Variation in Species Composition, Richness, and Abundance
		4.2 Types and Temporal Variations in Foraging Guilds
	5 Threats, Challenges and Local Conservation Efforts
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Soils of the Lagoa Santa Karst
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Soils of the Lagoa Santa Karst High Plains
	4 Micromorphology of the Soils
	5 Granulometric Composition
	6 Soil Mineralogy
	7 Soil Chemistry
	8 Age of the Organic Horizons and the Charcoal Present in the Soil
	9 Soil and Epikarst Drainage
	10 Conclusions
	References
7 Karst Landforms in the Lagoa Santa Area
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Karst Morphology
	3 Karst Landforms
		3.1 Subsoil Features and Inheritance
			3.1.1 Joint Karren
			3.1.2 Alveolar Karren
			3.1.3 Subsoil Channels, Pits and Cups
			3.1.4 Subsoil Pinnacles, Towers and Corridors
		3.2 Subaerial Microforms
			3.2.1 Rain Pits
			3.2.2 Condensation Pockets
			3.2.3 Kamenitza
			3.2.4 Rillenkarren
			3.2.5 Subhorizontal Tubes
			3.2.6 Nondirectional Scallops
			3.2.7 Other Karren Forms and the Role of Vegetation
		3.3 Subaerial Macroforms
			3.3.1 Rinnenkarren
			3.3.2 Small Pavements and Knobs
			3.3.3 Towers
			3.3.4 Conical Hills
			3.3.5 Large Outcrops
			3.3.6 Cliffs
		3.4 Karst Depressions and Lakes
			3.4.1 Dolines
			3.4.2 Karst Lakes
			3.4.3 Large Depressions
		3.5 Fluvial Features
			3.5.1 Dry Valleys, Blind Valleys, and Karst Windows
			3.5.2 Swallets
			3.5.3 Springs
	4 Evolution of the Lagoa Santa Karst
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 Karst Hydrogeology of the Lagoa Santa Area
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Site Characterization
		1.2 Lagoa Santa Karst Hydrogeology Review
	2 Lagoa Santa Karst Aquifer System
		2.1 Karst System Framework—Regional Characterization
		2.2 Hydrostratigraphic Characterization
		2.3 Hydrogeologic Functioning of the Lagoa Santa Karst Aquifer
			2.3.1 Crystalline Basement—Regional Aquifuge and Local Aquifer
			2.3.2 Sete Lagoas Aquifer
			2.3.3 Santa Helena Aquitard
			2.3.4 Granular Undifferentiated Cover Aquifer
		2.4 Drainage Catchments and Groundwater Routes
			2.4.1 Domain of the Paraopeba Tributaries Drainage
			2.4.2 Domain of the Jequitibá Creek Drainage
			2.4.3 Domain of the Gordura Creek Drainage
			2.4.4 Domain of the Palmeiras-Mocambo- Jaguara Creeks Drainage
			2.4.5 Domain of the Samambaia Creek Drainage
			2.4.6 Domain of the Jaque Creek Drainage
			2.4.7 Domain of the Mata Creek Drainage
		2.5 Hydrogeologic Conceptual Model
			2.5.1 Sete Lagoas-Funilândia Mantled Karst Compartment
			2.5.2 Cerca Grande Semicovered Karst
			2.5.3 Lagoa Santa Mantled Karst Compartment
			2.5.4 Crystalline Basement
		2.6 Groundwater Quality
	3 Final Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Caves and Speleogenesis in the Lagoa Santa Karst
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Karst Geology and Porosity Development
	3 Speleogenesis and Cave Morphology
		3.1 Paragenesis
		3.2 Syngenesis
			3.2.1 Floodwater Mazes
			3.2.2 Dendritic River Caves
			3.2.3 Vadose Shafts, Fragmentary Caves, Epikarst Caves, and Talus Caves
	4 Cave Sediments
		4.1 Clastic Sediments
		4.2 Vertebrate Fossil Deposits
		4.3 Speleothems
	5 Age and Evolution of Caves
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
10 Biospeleology of the Lagoa Santa Karst
	Abstract
	1 Subterranean Environments in the Lagoa Santa Karst
	2 Species Composition
	3 Troglobites
	4 Ecology
	5 Tourism: Enemy or Ally to the Cave Life?
	6 Threats
	References
11 Cave Paleontology in the Lagoa Santa Karst
	Abstract
	1 Lund’s Discoveries in Lagoa Santa
	2 The Mammal Fossils Found by Lund
	3 Some of Lund’s Emblematic Findings
	4 An Unusual Find
	5 The Paleontological Findings After Lund
	6 Publications of Mammal Fossil Related to Lagoa Santa
	7 Other Views
	8 Chronological Data Related to the Lagoa Santa Fauna
	9 Epilogue
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 The Archaeological Record of Lagoa Santa (East-Central Brazil): From the Late Pleistocene to Historical Times
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Chronology
	3 Historical Context
	4 Historical Pots and Stub-Stemmed Earthenware Pipes
	5 Precolonial Pottery
	6 Rock Art
	7 Stone and Bone Technology
	8 Diet and Subsistence: Zooarchaeology, Isotopes and Caries
	9 Coexistence with Extinct Megafauna
	10 Human Skeletal Remains
		10.1 Ancestry: Craniometric Studies and Archaeogenetic Prospects
		10.2 Osteological Markers: Health, Lifestyle and Beyond
		10.3 Funerary Practices
	11 Geoarchaeology and Site Formation Processes
		11.1 Palynological Analysis in Lapa do Santo
	12 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
13 Environmental Problems in the Lagoa Santa Karst
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Lagoa Santa Karst Features and Environmental Fragility
	3 Human Activities in the Lagoa Santa Karst and Associated Environmental Problems
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Final Considerations
	Acknowledgements
	References
14 Protection of the Environmental and Cultural Heritage in the Lagoa Santa Karst: History and Challenges
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methods
	4 Results
		4.1 Scenario of the Protected Areas in the Lagoa Santa Karst
		4.2 Brazilian Legal Evolution and the Protection of the Lagoa Santa Karst
		4.3 Case Studies
			4.3.1 Before the 1980s
			4.3.2 The 1980’s and the Creation of the First Protected Areas Within the Lagoa Santa Karst
			4.3.3 The 1990s and the Creation of the Lagoa Santa Karst Environmental Protected Area
			4.3.4 Present Times: Compensation for Environmental Damages Funds Specific Initiatives for the Lagoa Santa Karst Protection
		4.4 The Lack of Conservation Units in the Northern Lagoa Santa Karst
		4.5 New Alternatives for the Protection of Lagoa Santa Karst
	5 Conclusion: Challenges and Future Opportunities
	Acknowledgements
	References
15 Correction to: The Archaeological Record of Lagoa Santa (East-Central Brazil): From the Late Pleistocene to Historical Times
	Correction to: Chapter “The Archaeological Record of Lagoa Santa (East-Central Brazil): From the Late Pleistocene to Historical Times” in: A. S. Auler and P. Pessoa (eds.), Lagoa Santa Karst: Brazil’s Iconic Karst Region, Cave and Karst Systems of the World, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35940-9_12