Ladoga and Onego — Great European Lakes: Observations and Modelling

Cover......Page 1
Ladoga and Onego - Great European Lakes (Springer, 2010)......Page 2
Title Page......Page 3
ISBN 978-3-540-68144-1......Page 4
Table of Content......Page 5
List of contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 14
1.1 Physiographic features and history of the formation of the lakes and their catchments......Page 15
1.2 History of research of the lakes......Page 23
1.3.1 The thermal regime and limnic zones......Page 28
1.3.2 Currents and circulations......Page 37
Phosphorus income in the lake......Page 45
1.4.2 Phytoplankton in the Lake Ladoga ecosystem......Page 47
Cryptophyte algae......Page 52
1.4.3 Bacterioplankton, water fungi and destruction processes......Page 53
Regeneration and phosphorus consumption by bacteria......Page 54
1.4.4 Zooplankton......Page 55
1.4.5 The role of the zoobenthos in the ecosystem......Page 56
1.4.6 Dissolved organic matter......Page 58
Conservative fraction of dissolved organic matter - water humic substance......Page 59
Generation of seston......Page 60
1.5 The cycle of substances in Lake Onego and its water ecosystem......Page 61
1.5.1 The phosphorus supply to the Lake Onego ecosystem......Page 62
Phosphorus in Lake Onego bottom sediments......Page 64
Phytoplankton......Page 65
Primary phytoplankton production......Page 67
Bacterioplankton......Page 68
Zooplankton......Page 70
Macrozoobenthos......Page 71
1.5.3 Relation between the primary production and the destruction of organic matter......Page 73
1.5.4 Peculiarities of Lake Onego eutrophication......Page 74
1.6 The main tendencies in the evolution of large, deep stratified lakes......Page 75
2.1 Ensemble of thermo- and hydrodynamical processes and phenomena in lakes......Page 80
2.2.1 Introduction......Page 82
2.2.2 Equations of geophysical hydrodynamics......Page 83
2.3.1 General comments......Page 86
2.3.2 Mathematical formulation......Page 89
2.3.3 Realization of the model......Page 91
Law of heat variation in a waterbody......Page 93
Law of mechanical energy variation......Page 94
2.3.5 About the discrete model......Page 96
Lake Ladoga......Page 98
3.2 On the problem of simulating climatic circulation......Page 100
3.3 Setting of external forcing......Page 104
River inflow and runoff......Page 105
Thermal flux......Page 106
Wind......Page 108
Initial conditions......Page 110
Turbulence modelling......Page 111
3.4.2 Description and analysis of thermal regime calculation results......Page 112
Spring heating period......Page 114
Summer heating period......Page 120
Autumn cooling period......Page 122
Winter cooling period......Page 123
Quality estimation of thermal regime reproduction......Page 124
Brief characteristic of the constructed all-year-round Lake Ladoga circulation......Page 125
Notes on the reproduction of the thermal bar phenomenon in calculations......Page 130
The influence of bottom friction parameterization changes......Page 131
Refinement of grid cells steps in computational experiment......Page 133
3.5.2 The results of thermal regime modelling......Page 135
Spring heating period......Page 136
Autumn cooling period......Page 138
Winter cooling period......Page 141
3.5.3 The results of currents simulations......Page 142
Conclusion......Page 143
4.1.1 Climatic features and their variability......Page 145
4.1.2 Probable climate changes over the lakes\' catchments......Page 150
The tendencies of climate parameter change over the Lake Onego catchment......Page 151
4.1.3 Estimates of potential changes in the thermal regime of the lakes by 2050......Page 155
Feasible water mass temperature estimations for Lake Onego in 2000-2050......Page 162
4.2.1 Modelling thermohydrodynamics: statement of the problem and numerical experiments......Page 166
Lake Ladoga......Page 171
Lake Onego......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 178
5.1 Modelling the functioning of the lake ecosystems: state of the art......Page 179
Model equations......Page 181
Boundary conditions......Page 182
About the reproduction of waterbody ecosystem functioning......Page 183
5.3 Discrete models......Page 184
Grids and grid domain......Page 185
Approximation of transport, turbulent diffusion and sedimentation processes......Page 187
5.3.5 Discrete analogue of the total substances content variation law in lake waters......Page 189
5.3.6 Changes in the discrete model with coarsening of the domain decomposition......Page 191
6.1 The history of the ecosystem modelling of Lakes Ladoga and Onego......Page 194
Lake Ladoga ecosystem model developed by Menshutkin and Vorobyeva (1987)......Page 195
Modelling of the Lake Onego ecosystem......Page 196
6.2 Complex of Lake Ladoga ecosystem models......Page 197
The basic model of the complex (Astrakhantsev et al., 2003)......Page 198
Ecosystem model with three trophic levels (Astrakhantsev et al., 2003)......Page 199
Ecosystem model, including the zoobenthos submodel (Astrakhantsev et al., 2003)......Page 200
6.3.1 Ecological formulation of the model......Page 201
6.3.2 Mathematical formulation of the model......Page 203
Boundary conditions......Page 206
Biotic block of the model......Page 207
Total variation of substances content in cells II 1/2 ijk......Page 211
6.3.4 Reproduction of Lake Onego annual ecosystem functioning......Page 212
Analysis of modelling results......Page 213
6.4 Lake Ladoga phytoplankton succession ecosystem model......Page 221
Ecological structure of the model......Page 223
The model mathematical formulation......Page 224
Boundary conditions......Page 226
Biotic block of the model......Page 227
Phytoplankton......Page 228
Zooplankton......Page 230
Detritus......Page 231
Oxygen......Page 232
6.4.3 Model verification, computation experiments......Page 233
6.4.4 Reproduction of phytoplankton succession......Page 234
Conclusion......Page 241
7 Estimating potential changes in Lakes Ladoga and Onego under human and climatic impact......Page 242
Analysis of modelling results......Page 243
Scenarios in computational experiments......Page 247
Modelling results analysis......Page 248
Description of the computational experiments......Page 253
Conclusion......Page 260
8.1 Introduction......Page 261
8.2 Model description......Page 263
8.3 The models study......Page 268
9.1 Water supply and management in the catchments. Legal and regulatory aspects of water use......Page 274
9.2.1 Introduction......Page 281
9.2.3 Quantification of the assimilation potential of the ecosystems of Lakes Ladoga and Onego......Page 284
9.2.4 Economic quantification of assimilation potential......Page 286
9.2.5 Mathematical economic model......Page 287
9.2.6 Computational experiments......Page 289
9.2.7 Conclusions......Page 293
Afterword......Page 294
References......Page 296
Index......Page 312