Lacewings in the Crop Environment

Cover......Page 1
Frontmatter......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
List of contributors......Page 14
Preface......Page 18
PART 1 - Lacewing systematics and ecology......Page 20
1.3 Classification......Page 22
1.4 Biology......Page 23
2.1 Introduction......Page 25
2.2 Coniopterygidae Burmeister......Page 26
2.3 Hemerobiidae Latreille......Page 31
2.4 Chrysopidae Schneider......Page 35
3.2 Morphological criteria......Page 48
3.3 Ecophysiological criteria......Page 53
3.4 Mating signals......Page 54
3.5 Molecular systematics......Page 56
3.6 Conclusion and prognosis......Page 57
4.1 Coniopterygidae......Page 62
4.2 Preimaginal stages of the family Hemerobiidae......Page 69
4.3 Recognition of early stages of Chrysopidae......Page 79
5.2 Temporal patterns of lacewings......Page 101
5.3 Spatial patterns of lacewings......Page 104
5.4 Lacewings in the aphidophagous guild organisation......Page 113
5.5 Chemical ecology of lacewings......Page 119
6.2 Feeding by green lacewing larvae......Page 135
6.3 Feeding by adult green lacewings......Page 138
6.4 Feeding by brown lacewings and dustywings......Page 140
6.6 Lacewings in the aphidophagous guild......Page 142
7.4 Larval growth......Page 149
7.5 Cocoon spinning and development inside the cocoon......Page 152
7.7 Pre-pairing time, sexual behaviour, and preoviposition time......Page 153
7.10 Adult longevity......Page 154
7.12 Tritrophic relations......Page 156
7.14 Diapause and its hormonal control......Page 157
7.15 Sensitive and responsive stages......Page 158
7.17 External factors governing the induction of diapause......Page 159
7.19 Diapause development and diapause completion......Page 162
7.21 Temperature requirements for lacewing development......Page 164
PART 2 - Lacewings in crops......Page 174
Introduction to Part 2......Page 176
8.2 The main lacewing genera present on field crops......Page 177
8.3 Dominant lacewing species in field crops in different continents......Page 178
8.5 Migration flights to and from overwintering sites......Page 182
8.7 Nomadism......Page 183
9.1 Apple......Page 191
9.2 Pear......Page 202
9.4 Peach......Page 208
9.6 Grape......Page 212
9.7 Olive......Page 218
9.8 Citrus......Page 225
9.9 Tropical and subtropical fruits......Page 233
9.10 Small fruits and melons......Page 236
9.11 Nuts......Page 237
10.1 Vegetables......Page 256
10.2 Beverage and sugar crop plants......Page 257
10.3 Ornamental plants......Page 259
10.4 Broad-leaved forests......Page 262
10.5 Conifers......Page 283
PART 3 - Principles......Page 305
Introduction to Part 3......Page 307
11.2 Lacewing species used in biological control......Page 308
11.4 General schemes of use......Page 309
11.5 Failure of biological control using lacewings......Page 310
11.6 Conclusion......Page 311
12.3 Larval rearing......Page 315
12.4 Adult holding and egg harvesting......Page 316
12.5 Artificial diet for lacewing larvae......Page 318
12.6 Adult diet......Page 323
12.7 Release techniques......Page 324
12.8 Augmentation......Page 326
12.10 Conclusion......Page 328
13.1 Introduction......Page 332
13.2 Nutrition mechanisms of Chrysoperla carnea larvae......Page 334
13.3 Current state of artificial nutritional diets for Chrysopidae larvae......Page 337
13.4 Conclusion......Page 344
14.2 Habitat influence on release effectiveness......Page 350
14.3 Natural-enemy interactions......Page 352
14.4 Lacewings and pesticide use in the release environment......Page 354
14.5 Predator--prey relationships at the release site......Page 355
14.6 Conclusions......Page 357
15.2 Field appraisal......Page 363
15.4 Larvae......Page 364
15.7 Laboratory appraisal......Page 365
16.1 Effects of pesticides......Page 369
16.2 Determination of acetlycholinesterase activity as a helpful tool for assessing pesticide side-effects in lacewings......Page 377
16.3 Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis via ingestion of transgenic corn-fed prey and purified proteins......Page 380
17.2 Topics of concern......Page 391
17.4 Discussion......Page 392
PART 4 - Case studies......Page 396
Introduction to Part 4......Page 398
18.2 Biology......Page 399
18.3 Surveys of field crops......Page 400
18.4 Discussion......Page 403
19.2 Role in biological control......Page 406
19.3 Production of stocks......Page 407
20.2 Early use of lacewings in North America......Page 409
20.3 Case studies in North America......Page 411
20.4 Conclusions......Page 414
21.2 Systematics......Page 419
21.3 Field data: prey and crop associations, seasonal cycles......Page 420
21.4 Mass-production......Page 422
21.5 Use of lacewings in pest management......Page 424
21.6 Evaluation......Page 427
22.1 Introduction......Page 433
22.4 Habitat amplitude......Page 434
22.5 Relationships between hemerobiid, coniopterygid, and chrysopid species and the plant substrates......Page 440
23.2 Materials and methods......Page 443
23.3 Results......Page 444
23.4 Discussion......Page 447
24.2 The landscape......Page 455
24.3 Lacewing occurrence in landscape units......Page 459
24.4 Conclusions......Page 475
25.2 Materials and methods......Page 479
25.3 Results......Page 480
26.2 Main incentive for biological control against aphids on strawberry in Italy......Page 489
26.3 Chrysoperla carnea: development of the release technique......Page 490
26.5 Marketing of Chrysoperla carnea......Page 492
26.6 Perspectives......Page 493
27.2 Acceptance of the chambers......Page 495
27.3 Effect of lacewings on pest populations......Page 497
27.4 Conclusion......Page 498
28.2 Chrysopids within the olive orchard......Page 500
28.4 Conservation and augmentation of Chrysoperla carnea populations......Page 501
28.5 Relationship between Prays oleae and Chrysoperla carnae......Page 502
29.3 The common green lacewing complex in Romania......Page 506
29.4 Ecological patterns of chrysopids in Romania......Page 509
29.5 Occurrence and behaviour of green lacewings in agricultural crops......Page 516
30.2 Materials and methods......Page 521
30.4 Discussion and conclusions......Page 522
PART 5 - Conclusion......Page 527
CHAPTER 31 - Lacewings in crops: towards the future......Page 529
Taxonomic index......Page 531
General index......Page 538