Laboratory Protocols in Applied Life Sciences

MicroscopyIntroductionLight MicroscopyAtomic Force MicroscopyBright Field MicroscopyDark Ground MicroscopyPhase Contrast MicroscopyConfocal Scanning Laser MicroscopyDifferential Interference Contrast MicroscopyPolarization MicroscopyFluorescence MicroscopyExperiments on MicroscopyElectron MicroscopySample Preparation for Electron MicroscopyDark Field Electron MicroscopyCrewe MicroscopeBackscatter Scanning MicroscopeExperiment on Scanning Electron Microscopy of CyanobacteriaTransmission Electron Microscopy of Phages (Bacteriophage and Cyanophage)Suggested ReadingsImportant LinksMicrotomeIntroductionSectioningTraditional HistologyUltramicrotomeCryostatIncubationElectron Microscopy TechniqueBotanical MicrotomyProcessing of TissueSuggested ReadingsImportant LinkspH and BuffersIntroductionAcids and BasesHydrogen Ion Concentration and pHMeasurement of pHTitration CurvesBuffer SolutionsWhat Is the pH of a Mixture of 5 mL of 0.1 mol/L Sodium Acetate and 4 mL of 0.1 mol/L Acetic Acid?How the pH Changed on Adding 1 mL of 0.1 mol/L HCl in the Previous Mixture?Buffers Used in Biochemical ExperimentspH and LifeCare and Use of the pH MeterTitration CurvesDetermination of pH Using IndicatorsTitration of a Mixture of a Strong and a Weak AcidTitration of a Strong Acid with a Strong BaseTitration of a Weak Acid with a Strong BaseDetermination of pKapKa Values of a Dicarboxylic AcidAcetate BuffersTitration Curves of Amino AcidsDetermination of pH of the Given Water/Soil SampleDetermination of pH of Fruit JuiceMeasurement of pH of Soil SampleAppendicesSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksSpectrophotometerIntroductionBeer-Lambert LawLimitations of the Beer-Lambert LawMeasurement of ExtinctionColorimeterSpectrophotometryInfrared SpectroscopyFluorescence SpectroscopySensitivity of Fluorescence AssaysFluorescence QuenchingMeasurement of  -Naphthyl Phosphatase ActivitySuggested ReadingsImportant LinksCentrifugationIntroductionCentrifugesUltracentrifugationSuspending MediumRotorsFractionation of Rat LiverEstimation of DNA, RNA, and Protein in the Isolated Cell FractionsEnzyme Distribution in the CellGlucose-6-PhosphataseGlutamate DehydrogenaseAcid PhosphataseMitochondrial SwellingDetermination of Lysosomal IntegrityEffect of Detergents on the Stability of the Lysosomal MembraneDensity Gradient CentrifugationFractionation of Pig Brain by Density Gradient CentrifugationDistribution of Enzymes in the Fractions Obtained from Pig BrainIsolation of ChloroplastsIsolation of Chloroplast DNAIsolation of Mitochondria and Assay of a Marker EnzymeIsolation of Genomic DNAIsolation of Chloroplasts from Spinach Leaves by Differential CentrifugationIsolation of Plasmid DNA by CentrifugationSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksRadiation BiologyIntroductionRadioisotopesSample PreparationAutoradiographyDistribution of 14CO2 in Different Plant Parts Photosynthetic Reduction of 14CO2 to Primary Metabolic ProductIncorporation of Labeled Acetate into Leucoplastic Fatty Acids of Developing Brassica SeedsSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksChromatographyChromatographyPaper ChromatographyAscending ChromatographyDescending ChromatographySeparation and Identification of Amino Acids by Descending Paper ChromatographySeparation and Identification of Amino Acids by Ascending Paper ChromatographySeparation and Identification of Amino Acids in a Given Mixture by 2 D Paper ChromatographyThin Layer ChromatographyThin-Layer Gel ChromatographySeparation and Identification of Sugars by Adsorption Thin Layer ChromatographyIdentification of Lipids in a Given Sample by Thin Layer ChromatographyIdentification of Sugars in Fruit Juices Using Thin Layer ChromatographyColumn ChromatographyGradient PreparationAdsorption ChromatographySeparation of Pigments from Leaves or Flowers by Adsorption Column ChromatographyIon-Exchange ChromatographySeparation of Amino Acids by Ion-Exchange ChromatographySeparation of Proteins from Human Serum by Ion-Exchange ChromatographyGel Filtration/Size-Exclusion Column ChromatographySeparation of Blue Dextran and Cobalt Chloride on Sephadex G-25Desalting of Protein Sample by Gel FiltrationDetermination of Molecular Weight of a Given Protein by Gel FiltrationConcentration of Dilute Protein Solutions Using Sephadex G-25Affinity ChromatographyHydrophobic Interaction Chromatography or Affinity ElutionPurification by Affinity ChromatographyPreparation of an Affinity ColumnPreparation of Rat Brain AcetylcholinesteraseAcetylcholinesterase AssayPurification of Acetylcholinesterase by Affinity ChromatographyMALDI-TOFNuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMaintenance of Enzyme ActivityAddition of ChaotropesRole of Polyols/Hydrophilic Polymers in Stabilizing StructuresStabilization by Side-Chain ModificationCriteria of PurityBiuretFolin (Lowry\'s Method)BradfordSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksSeparation TechnologyElectrophoresisPrincipleTypes of ElectrophoresisSeparation of Amino Acids by Paper ElectrophoresisCellulose Acetate Strip ElectrophoresisGel ElectrophoresisPolyacrylamide Gel ElectrophoresisPolyacrylamide Disc Gel ElectrophoresisSDS Gel ElectrophoresisSlab Gel ElectrophoresisNative Disc Gel Electrophoresis of ProteinsSDS-Polyacrylamide Slab Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins Under Reducing Conditions (SDS-PAGE)Slab Gel Gradient Electrophoresis of Protein and Multiple Molecular Forms of AcetylcholinesteraseProtein (Western) BlottingIsoelectric FocusingAgarose Gel ElectrophoresisDetermination of Molecular Weight of Plasmid DNA by Agarose Gel ElectrophoresisElectrophoretic Evaluation of Quality of High Molecular Weight DNA Isolated from Plant MaterialLarge-Scale Preparative ElectrophoresisSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksHistochemical TechniquesIntroductionProteinAcidic CompoundsCarbohydrates-PolysaccharidesLipidsMinor CompoundsAutoradiographyEnzyme Localization in Embedded MaterialSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksCytogeneticsIntroductionStudy Different Stages in Root Tip Cells of PlantPreparation of Root Tips for Mitotic StudiesPreparation and Study of Slides for Mitosis Using Acetocarmine Squash Techniques from Onion Root TipsPerform Carmine or Orcein Staining TechniquesFeulgen Staining TechniquesPreparation of Onion Flower Buds for Meiosis StudiesFixationMounting and Making Temporary Slides PermanentStudy the Effect of Colchicines or Acenaphthene or Chloral Hydrate on Chromosomes of Allium cepaEstimate the Chiasma Frequency at Diplotene-DiakinesisStudy the Effect of   Radiation on ChromosomesTo Prepare Slides Showing Diplotene Stages in Spermatocytes of Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) or in Oocytes of the Newt (Triturus viridescens) Showing Lampbrush ChromosomesStudy Karyotypes of Allium cepa and Vicia fabaMicrometryTo Demonstrate Reciprocal Translocation in Pollen Mother Cells of Rhoeo discolor (Tradescantia)To Study the Spiral Nature of Chromosome Using Any Plant MaterialTo Show the Different Banding Patterns in Eukaryotic ChromosomesFungal CytogeneticsHarvesting of NeurosporaTo Study the Ordered (Tetrad) and Random Ascospore Analysis in Neurospora spTo Demonstrate the Tetrad and Random AnalysisTetrad AnalysisPigmentation and Nutritional Requirement AnalysisRandom Spore AnalysisTest for Nutritional RequirementSuggested Media for Neurospora, Sordaria, and Aspergillus ExperimentsStudy of Heterokaryosis in Neurospora from the Nutritionally Deficient MutantsGeneral Information and Methods for Drosophila ExperimentsStudy of Salivary Gland Chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster for Nature of Polyteny and Regions of Chromosome PuffsHuman GeneticsHuman Sex Chromosomes and Barr BodiesAutoradiographyPhotomicrographySuggested ReadingsImportant LinksBiomoleculesIntroductionCarbohydratesAmino Acids and ProteinsLipidsNucleic AcidsSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksEnzymologyIntroductionEnzymes as CatalystsClassificationMeasurement of Enzyme ActivityTime Course Studies of the Reaction Catalyzed by Alkaline Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1)Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Rate of Enzyme-Catalyzed ReactionDetermination of Temperature Optima for Alkaline PhosphataseDetermination of Effect of pH on the Activity of Alkaline PhosphataseEffect of Substrate Concentration on Activity of Alkaline Phosphate and Determination of the Km and Vmax of the ReactionProgress Curve of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (Orthophosphoric Acid Monoester Phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1)Effect of Variation of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Activity with Enzyme ConcentrationEffect of Substrate Concentration and Inhibitors on Oxheart Lactate DehydrogenaseEffect of Temperature on the Activity of  -AmylaseDetermination of the Molecular Weight and Purity of Chymotrypsin from the Enzyme KineticsYeast Isocitrate Dehydrogenase: Allosteric EnzymePurification and Characterization of EnzymesIsolation of Muramidase (Mucopeptide N-Acetylmuramyl Hydrolase, ) from Egg WhiteSeparation of the Isoenzymes of Lactate Dehydrogenase by Electrophoresis on Polyacrylamide GelEnzyme EngineeringArtificial EnzymesSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksMembranesIntroductionComposition of MembranesMembrane TransportEffect of Lipid Composition on the Permeability of a Lipid MonolayerEffect of Detergents and Other Membrane-Active Reagents on the Erythrocyte MembranePermeability of Model Membrane (Liposome)Effect of Cholesterol on the Anion Permeability of a Phospholipid MembraneEffect of Insulin on the Transport into Isolated Fat CellTransport of Amino Acids across the Small IntestineAbsorption of Xylose from the Gut in ManSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksPhotosynthesis and RespirationIntroductionMeasurementPhotosynthesisIsolation of Chloroplasts from Spinach LeavesDetermination of Chlorophyll Concentration in the Chloroplast SuspensionEvolution of Oxygen by Isolated Chloroplast Using Hill OxidantsMethyl Viologen as a Terminal Electron AcceptorSpectrophotometric Assay of the Hill Reaction and the Estimation of ChlorophyllRespiration of Mitochondria and Oxidative PhosphorylationEffect of Inhibitors on the Respiratory ChainCompounds That Affect the High-Energy State of MitochondriaSuggested ReadingImportant LinksMicrobiologyIntroductionGood Microbiological PracticeCulture MediaTypes of MediaPreparation of Culture MediaMaintenance and Preservation of CulturesPreparation of Basic Liquid Media (Broth) for the Cultivation of BacteriaSolid Media for Growth of MicroorganismsIsolation and Maintenance of OrganismsIsolation of Organisms by Pour Plate Method and Serial Dilation MethodSpread Plate TechniqueIsolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Seafood SampleIsolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Milk and Buttermilk SampleIsolation of Staphylococcus aureus from Food SampleSauerkraut FermentationIsolation of Microorganisms from AirPhyllosphere/Phylloplane MicrobiologyMeasurement of Microbial GrowthMethods to Measure Bacterial GrowthGrowth Curve Measurement of Bacterial Population by Serial Dilution MethodSerial DilutionsMeasurement of Fungal Growth by Colony Diameter MethodBiomass Measurement of Fungal Growth (Dry Weight Method)Effect of Incubation Temperature on GrowthEffect of pH on Microbial GrowthMicroscopic Examination of BacteriaMicroscopic Examination of Pathogens by One Tube One Plate MethodSmear PreparationStainingBiochemical TestsMicrobial GeneticsBacterial RecombinationSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksSoil BiologyIntroductionEstimation of Humus in Soil/ManureDetermination of Microbial Carbon BiomassEstimation of Algal (Photosynthetic) Biomass in Soil CoresSoil Decomposition and Microbial Community Structure (Winogradsky Technique)Soil Algae EnumerationPhosphate Solubilizing BacteriaIsolation of Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria from SoilDemonstrate the Process of Ammonification in SoilDemonstrate the Process of Nitrification in SoilMPN Method for Nitrosomonas and NitrobacterIsolation of Azospirillum sp from Soil and Plant RootEnumeration of Azospirillum by MPN MethodDemonstration of Microbial Denitrification in SoilIsolation of Plant Growth Promoting RhizobacteriaIsolation of Photosynthetic BacteriaCyanobacteriaNitrogen FixationMycorrhizal Symbiotic AssociationActinomycetesAquatic MoldsFungiRhizosphereMicrobial Production of Citric Acid by Aspergillus nigerIsolation of Industrially Important Antibiotic Producing MicroorganismsAssay of Antibiotics and Demonstration of Antibiotic ResistanceCharacterize and Identify Aflatoxin by Thin-Layer ChromatographyProtozoaObservation of Microscopic Invertebrates from Pond WaterObservation of Algae from Pond WaterMicroscopic Examination of Soil MicrobesBacteria Frequently Isolated from SoilFungi Frequently Isolated from SoilAppendicesSuggested ReadingImportant LinksVirologyIntroductionIsolation of Bacteriophage from SewagePreparation of High Titer of Bacteriophage of Isolated Bacterial VirusOne-Step Growth Curve of Coliphage and Determining the Number of Phage Particles Released by the Lysis of the Single Infected Bacterial Cell (Burst Size)Demonstration of Lysogeny and Isolation of Rhizobium PhageIsolation of Cyanophage LPP from Pond WaterDemonstration for the Presence of Actinophages in SoilIsolation of Phage from FliesVirus Culture in Embryonating Chicken EggsExtraction and Isolation of Tobacco Mosaic VirusCultivation of Viruses in Tissue CultureViral Hemagglutination Test for the Presence of AntigensSuggested ReadingsImmunochemical MethodsIntroductionImmunityAgsAntigenic Determinant or EpitopeHaptensSpecificityT-Cell Dependent (TD) and T-Cell Independent (TI) AgsImmunoglobulinsIG DeterminantsIg ClassesMonoclonal AntibodiesPolyclonal AntibodiesAg-Ab ReactionDetermination of Ag-Ab ReactionsCollection of Blood SampleExperiment: To Determine the ABO Blood Group by Using Slide Agglutination TestExperiment: Determination of RH Factor in Human BeingExperiment: Demonstration of Agglutination Reaction of Unknown Bacterial Culture by Slide Agglutination TechniqueExperiment: Estimate the Total Leukocyte Count by HemocytometerExperiment: Determine the Differential Count of WBCs (Leucocyte) by Staining MethodExperiment: Determine the Total Erythrocyte Count by HemocytometerExperiment: Lymphoid Cells Identification in Blood SmearsExperiment: Spleen Cell Preparation from MouseExperiment: Identification of Lymphocyte PopulationsExperiment: Isolation of Monocytes by AdherenceExperiment: Isolation of NeutrophilsExperiment: Isolation of Human BasophilsExperiment: Isolation of Tissue Mast CellsExperiment: Measurement of Percent  -Glucuronidase SecretionExperiment: Generation of Polyclonal Antibodies in RabbitsExperiment: Gel Diffusion/Ouchterlony ImmunodiffusionExperiment: Demonstration of Radial ImmunodiffusionExperiment: Counter Current ImmunoelectrophoresisExperiment: Serum ElectrophoresisExperiment: Demonstration of ImmunoelectrophoresisExperiment: Determination of Albumin by Laurell Rocket ImmunoelectrophoresisExperiment: Purification of Igs BY ION Exchange ChromatographyExperiment: The Detection and Assay of a Myeloma ProteinExperiment: ELISAExperiment: Pregnancy Testing by Using the Immunological MethodsExperiment: HIV DOT Test of AIDS PatientsExperiment: Demonstration of Immunofluorescence AssayExperiment: Identification of Bacteria by Using Fluorescent Ab Technique (FAT)Experiment: Immunofluorescence Labeling of Cultured CellsExperiment: Isolation of IgG from SerumExperiment: Purification of IgMSuggested ReadingImportant LinksGenetic EngineeringIntroductionTools of Genetic EngineeringDNA SequencingIsolation of Genomic DNA from E coliRapid Method for Isolating Plasmid DNA from YeastIsolation of Plasmid DNA from Yeast (Protocol 1)Isolation of Yeast Plasmid DNA (Protocol 2)Isolation of Drosophila Genomic DNADetermination of  max Value of the Isolated DNA SampleDetermination of the Purity of the Isolated DNA SampleDetermine the Quantity of DNA in the SampleTo Perform Agarose Gel Electrophoresis for the Given DNA SampleIsolation of Plasmid DNA from Given Bacterial CultureElectrophoresis of DNA: Linear, Circular, and Super CoiledTo Perform Restriction Digestion of the Given DNA SampleTo Demonstrate LigationElution of DNA from Agarose GelPurification of Phage   DNATo Perform Restriction Digestion of Plasmid DNA with Different Restriction Endonucleases and to Determine the Position of Restriction Site Using Restriction MappingTo Perform TransformationDirectional Cloning Into Plasmid VectorsTo Assay Reporter Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase GeneTo Assay ss-Gal in Extracts of Mammalian CellsDetermination of Nucleotide Sequence of DNA by Dideoxy Chain Termination MethodAmplification of 16S rDNA Genes by the Polymerase ChainPCR from Fungal Spores/AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi)To Demonstrate the Nested PCR ReactionSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksMolecular BiologyIntroductionIsolation of Nucleic Acids from Biological SamplesDemonstration of Southern BlottingDemonstration of Experiment on RFLP AnalysisRestriction Fragment Length PolymorphismIsolation of RNA from Biological SampleExtraction of Polysomal RNA of Nuclear SequencesSeparation of RNA Species by Ion-Exchange Column Chromatography on Methylated Albumin Kiesselguher ColumnsNorthern Hybridization of RNA Fractionated by Agarose Formaldehyde Gel ElectrophoresisPreparation of Radiolabeled Probe by Random Primer MethodDetection of Specific Fragment of Plant DNA from Restriction Digest by Hybridization with a Labeled ProbeIn Vitro TranscriptionIn Vitro Translation of RNAReticulocytes and Their Use in the Study of Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis in Intact Rabbit ReticulocytesMetabolic Labeling of Proteins and ImmunoprecipitationInduction of ss-Galactosidase in Strains of E coliEffect of Different Inducers on the Induction of ss-GalactosidaseEffect of Protein Synthesis Inhibitors on the Induction of ss-GalactosidaseTurnover of ss-GalactosidaseSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksBiosensorsIntroductionBiosensorClassification of BiosensorsCharacteristics of BiosensorsComponents of BiosensorsBiochipImmunobiosensorAptamersSPR TechnologyWorking Principle of BiosensorsImmunosensorsCalorimetric BiosensorsPotentiometric BiosensorsAmperometric BiosensorsOptical BiosensorsPiezoelectric BiosensorsSecond-Generation BiosensorsThird-Generation BiosensorsBiosensor for HealthcareConclusion and Future ChallengesSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksEnzyme ImmobilizationIntroductionSelection of Carrier and Support before ImmobilizationCarriers for Enzyme ImmobilizationLimitations and Advantages of Enzyme ImmobilizationMethods of ImmobilizationsCross-LinkingEntrapment MethodWhole-Cell ImmobilizationIndustrial Application of EnzymesExperiment Cell Immobilization by Using AlginateExperiment Immobilization of Enzyme HorseradishPeroxidase (Donor: H2O2Oxidoreductase
 EC 1.11.1.7) byAminoantipyrine-Phenol AssaySuggested ReadingsPlant Tissue CultureIntroductionFacilitiesGlassware PreparationSterilizationWet Heat SterilizationDry SterilizationFilter SterilizationMedia PreparationPreparation of Stock SolutionProtocolSterilization of MediaAseptic ManipulationSterile Transfer FacilitiesTemperatureLightAerationTemperaturePlant Cell Culture SystemExplantsCallusesCell SuspensionProtoplastSurface SterilizationCommon Culture MediaSterilization of Plant MaterialsIntroductionMaterialsProtocolObservation and ResultPreparation of Tissue Culture MediaOrgan CultureCallus PropagationSingle Cell CulturePreparation and Fusion of ProtoplastsProtocols on Protoplast FusionFusion Products: Hybrids and CybridsMethods of Somatic HybridizationProtoplast Fusion (Somatic Cell Hybridization)Electrofusion Isolation of Oat and Corn ProtoplastCulture of ProtoplastsOther ProtocolsSomatic EmbryogenesisProduction of Haploid PlantsEmbryo Encapsulation: Production of Artificial SeedsCytological Examination of Regenerated PlantsDemonstration of Root Hair Culture of Different Explants Source of Cereal Using Agrobacterium rhizogenesExperiment Demonstration of Root Hair Culture of Different Explants Using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal FungiUseful Secondary-Metabolite Production from Plant Tissue CultureGenetic Transformation of Plants through Agrobacterium tumefaciens as Cloning VectorAssay of ss-Glucuronidase in Transformed Plant TissueRandom Amplified Polymorphic DNA AnalysisEfficiency of Rhizobia for Nodulation in Leguminous CropsSeed Inoculation with RhizobiaSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksAnimal Cell Science and TechnologyIntroductionChronology of Cell Culture DevelopmentCell Culture LaboratoryCulture MediumCell SubculturingCell QuantificationSeeding Cells onto Culture PlatesMaintenance of Cells in CultureGrowth Kinetics of Animal Cells in CultureCryopreservation of CellsResuscitation of Frozen CellsDetermination of Cell ViabilitySafety Considerations in Cell CultureAseptic Techniques and Good Cell Culture PracticePreparation of Tissue Culture MediumPreparation of Single Cell Suspension of Spleen and ThymusCell CountingCell Viability AssayEstimation of Viability by Dye UptakeMacrophage Monolayer from PEE and Measurement of Phagocytic ActivityTrypsinization of Monolayer and SubculturingCryopreservationThawingRole of Serum in Cell CultureMetaphase Chromosome Preparation from Cultured CellsIsolation of DNA and Demonstration of Apoptosis of DNA LadderingDemonstration of Apoptosis of DNA LadderingMTT Assay for Cell Viability and GrowthCell Fusion by PEGSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksBioprocess EngineeringIntroductionIsolation of Industrially Important MicroorganismsDetermination of Thermal Death Point and Thermal Death Time of Microorganisms for Design of a SterilizerDetermination of Ethanol Production Using Different SubstratesSugar Fermentation by Yeast (S. cerevisiae) for Production of Ethanol and Cell Biomass Using Laboratory Fermenter of 2 L capacityMeasurement of Yeast Biomass Using Hemocytometer TechniqueStudy Fermentation Process for Lactic Acid Production by Streptococcus thermophilus and Cell BiomassMicrobial Production of Citric Acid Using Aspergillus nigerMicrobial Production of Antibiotics (Penicillin)Production of Vinegar (Acetic Acid)Demonstration of Wine Production Using Grape Wine JuiceProduction and Manufacture of BeerProduction and Estimation of Alkaline ProteaseMushroom Production TechnologyIdentification of Mushrooms by Spore Print MethodIsolation and Maintenance of Mushroom CultureProduction of Spawn for White Button Mushroom (A. brunnescens syn A.bisporus)Cultivation of White Button Mushroom (A. brunnescens = A. bisporus)Cultivation of G. lucidum (Ling Zhi)Cultivation of L. edodesCultivation of Paddy Straw Mushroom (V. volvacea)Cultivation Method of Oyster MushroomEnvironmental BiologyWastewater Treatment ProcessMeasurement of pHMeasurement of Alkalinity of WaterMeasurement of DO of WaterMeasurement of Chloride in WaterMeasurement of Nitrate in WaterMeasurement of Nitrite in WaterMeasurement of Ammonia in WaterMeasurement of Total Phosphorus in WaterMeasurement of Inorganic Phosphate in WaterMeasurement of Sulfate in WaterMeasurement of Sulfide in WaterMeasurement of Calcium and Magnesium in WaterDetection of Coliforms for the Determination of the Purity of Potable WaterDetermination of Total Dissolved Solids of WaterDetermination of DO Concentration of Water by Winkler\'s Iodometric MethodDetermination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Sewage WaterDetermination Chemical Oxygen Demand Sewage SampleDetermination of the Efficiency of Removal of Air Pollutant, Using Fibrous Air FilterIsolation of Xenobiotic-Degrading BacteriaDegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by BacteriaSurvey of Degradative Plasmids in Microbes Growing in Polluted EnvironmentEffect of SO2 on Crop PlantsEstimation of Heavy Metals in Water/Soil by Atomic Absorption SpectrophotometryPreliminary Digestion for MetalsEstimation of MetalsFlame AASMeasurement of Aluminum in Soil/Water SampleMeasurement of Arsenic in Soil/Water SampleMeasurement of Cadmium in Soil/Water SampleMeasurement of Mercury in Soil/Water SampleStudy on Biogenic Methane Production in Different Habitats (Biogas)Suggested ReadingsImportant LinksBioinformaticsIntroductionDevelopmentNucleotide Sequence DatabasesProtein Sequence DatabasesBiomolecular Structure DatabasesPair-Wise Sequence AlignmentDetection of CpG Island for Nucleotide SequenceDetection of Gene Structure of DNA SequenceTranslation of Nucleotide Sequence to Protein SequenceReports of Various Chemical and Physical Properties of Protein SequenceDatabase Search \"Blast\"Phylogenetic AnalysisMolecular Pathways DatabaseProteomicsMetabolomicsGenomicsBioinformatics Approaches for DNA-Based Signatures of Species/Populations/Breeds/Races/Variety/StrainsDNA-Based Signature of Plant Variety (Example, Basmati Rice)DNA-Based Bar-Coded Signature of FishesBioinformatics Tool and Protocol for SNP/STR SignaturesFastPCRSuggested ReadingsImportant LinksAppendicesGlossaryIndex