Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 7e

Front Cover
Inside Front Cover
Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table Of Contents
Unit 1 The Veterinary Practice Laboratory
	1 Safety Concerns and OSHA Standards
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Hazard Control
		OSHA Standards
			Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories Standard
			The Hazard Communication Standard
				Container Labeling
			The Bloodborne Pathogens Standard
				Other Potentially Infectious Materials
			The Personal Protective Equipment Standard
			Biosafety Hazard Considerations
				Biosafety Level I
				Biosafety Level II
				Biosafety Level III
				Biosafety Level IV
			Shipping Hazardous Materials
		Laboratory Design
			General Considerations
			Sink
			Storage Space
			Electrical Supply
			Internet Access
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	2 General Laboratory Equipment
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Test Tubes
		Centrifuge
		Refractometer
			Care and Maintenance
		Pipettes
		Temperature-Controlling Equipment
			Incubators
			Refrigerators
			Water Baths and Heat Blocks
		Automated Analyzers
		Miscellaneous Equipment and Supplies
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	3 The Microscope
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Care and Maintenance
		Calibration of the Microscope
		Digital Microscopy
			Capturing Digital Images
				Resolution
				Types of Systems
				Quality
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	4 The Metric System and Lab Calculations
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Numbering Systems
			The Metric System
			The International System of Units
			Dilutions
			Scientific Notation
				pH and Logarithms
			Temperature Conversions
				Points of Equivalence
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	5 Quality Control and Record Keeping
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Accuracy, Precision, and Reliability
		Analysis of Control Materials
		Errors
			Preanalytic Variables
			Analytic Variables
		Applied Quality Control
		Laboratory Records
			Internal Records
			External Records
		Review Questions
		Key Points
Unit 2 Hematology
	6 Hematopoiesis
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Hematopoiesis
		Erythropoiesis
		Thrombopoiesis
		Granulopoiesis
		Monopoiesis
		Lymphopoiesis
		Definitions
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	7 Sample Collection and Handling
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Collection and Handling of Blood Samples
			Collection Equipment
			Whole Blood
			Plasma and Serum
			Anticoagulants
				Heparin
				Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid
				Oxalates and Citrates
				Sodium Fluoride
		Sample Volume
		Collection Procedure
			Order of Draw
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	8 Automated Analyzers
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Cell Counts
		Types of Hematology Instruments
			Impedance Analyzers
			Quantitative Buffy Coat System
			Laser-Based Flow Cytometer Analyzers
			Histograms
			Manual Cell Counts
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	9 Hemoglobin, PCV, and Erythrocyte Indices
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Packed Cell Volume
			Significance of Packed Cell Volume Test Results
			Plasma Protein Concentration
		Hemoglobin Testing
		Erythrocyte Indices
			Mean Corpuscular Volume
			Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
			Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	10 Evaluating the Blood Smear
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Preparation of Blood Smears
			Staining Blood Smears
			Performing the Differential Cell Count
			Absolute Values
				White Blood Cells
				Morphologic Features of Mammalian Leukocytes in the Peripheral Blood
					Neutrophil.
					Band neutrophil.
					Eosinophil.
					Basophil.
					Lymphocyte.
					Monocyte.
			Morphology of Normal Erythrocytes in the Peripheral Blood
				Platelet Estimate
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	11 Morphologic Abnormalities of Blood Cells
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Quantifying Morphologic Changes
		Morphologic Abnormalities Seen in White Blood Cells
			Nuclear Hyposegmentation
			Nuclear Hypersegmentation
			Toxic Change
			Intracytoplasmic Inclusions in Infectious Diseases
			Atypical and Reactive Lymphocytes
			Lysosomal Storage Disorders
			Birman Cat Neutrophil Granulation Anomaly
			Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
			Siderotic Granules
			Smudge Cells
			Karyolysis, Pyknosis, and Karyorrhexis
		Morphologic Abnormalities Seen in Red Blood Cells
			Variations in Cell Arrangement
				Rouleaux
				Autoagglutination
			Variations in Cell Size
				Anisocytosis
			Variations in Cell Color
				Polychromasia
				Hypochromasia
				Hyperchromatophilic
			Variations in Cell Shape
				Poikilocytes
				Schistocytes
				Acanthocytes
				Echinocytes
				Drepanocytes
				Keratocytes
				Spherocytes
				Leptocytes
				Elliptocytes (Ovalocytes)
				Eccentrocytes
				Dacryocytes
			Inclusions
				Basophilic Stippling
				Howell-Jolly Bodies
				Heinz Bodies
				Nucleated Erythrocytes
			Parasites
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	12 Additional Hematologic Tests
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Reticulocyte Count
		Bone Marrow Evaluation
			Collection of Bone Marrow Samples
				Aspiration Biopsy
				Core Biopsy
			Preparing Marrow Smears
			Evaluation of Bone Marrow Smears
				Cells in Bone Marrow
				Reporting of Results
		Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
			Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	13 Hematopoietic Disorders and Classification of Anemia
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Disorders of the Bone Marrow
			Neoplasia
		Classification of Anemia
			Classification by Bone Marrow Response
			Classification by Red Blood Cell Size and Hemoglobin Concentration
			Classification by Etiology
				Hemolytic
				Hemorrhagic
				Iron Deficiency
				Production Disorders
		Review Questions
		Key Points
Unit 3 Hemostasis
	14 Principles of Blood Coagulation
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Overview of Blood Coagulation
		Coagulation Testing
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	15 Sample Collection and Handling
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Sample Collection and Handling
		Coagulation Instrumentation
			Coag Dx™ Analyzer
			Fibrometer
			Thromboelastograph
			Platelet Function Analyzers
			Point-of-Care Analyzers
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	16 Platelet Evaluation
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Platelet Count
			Platelet Estimates
			Platelet Morphology
			Platelet Indices
				Mean Platelet Volume
				Plateletcrit
				Platelet Distribution Width
			Platelet Function Tests
			Additional Evaluations
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	17 Coagulation Testing
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Buccal Mucosa Bleeding Time
		Activated Clotting Time
		Whole Blood Clotting Time
		Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
		Prothrombin Time Test
		Clot Retraction Test
		Fibrinogen Determination
		PIVKA
		D-Dimer and Fibrin Degradation Products
		Von Willebrand Factor
		Coagulation Factor Assays
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	18 Disorders of Hemostasis
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Hemostatic Defects
		Hereditary Coagulation Disorders
			Von Willebrand Disease
		Acquired Coagulation Disorders
			Thrombocytopenia
			Vitamin K Deficiency
		Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
		Review Questions
		Key Points
Unit 4 Immunology
	19 Basic Principles of Immunity
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Innate Immune System
		Adaptive Immune System
			Humoral Immune System
			Cell-Mediated Immune System
			Immunologic Tolerance
		Passive Immunity
		Immunization
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	20 Common Immunologic Laboratory Tests
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Sample Collection and Handling
		Handling Serologic Samples
		Tests of Humoral Immunity
			Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
			Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
			Latex Agglutination
			Lateral Flow Immunoassay Rapid Immunomigration and Immunochromatography
		Immunology Analyzers
			Chemiluminescence
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	21 Blood Groups and Immunity
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Blood Types
			Dogs
			Cats
			Cattle
			Sheep and Goats
			Horses
		Blood Typing
			The Tube Method
			The Card Agglutination Test
			Immunochromatographic Assay
		Crossmatching
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	22 Intradermal Testing
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Tests of Cell-Mediated Immunity
			Intradermal Tests
			Tuberculin Skin Test
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	23 Reference Laboratory Immunoassays
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Coombs Testing
		Immunodiffusion
		Radioimmunoassay
		Fluorescent Antibody Testing
		Antibody Titers
		Molecular Diagnostics
			Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
			Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
			Polymerase Chain Reaction
				Denaturation
				Annealing
				Extension
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	24 Disorders of the Immune System
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Hypersensitivity
		Review Questions
		Key Points
Unit 5 Urinalysis
	25 Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Formation of Urine
			Ureters
			Urinary Bladder
			Urethra
		Urine Volume Regulation
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	26 Sample Collection and Handling
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Voided or Free-Catch Samples
		Bladder Expression
		Catheterization
		Cystocentesis
		Specimen Storage and Handling
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	27 Physical Examination of Urine
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Urine Volume
		Color
		Clarity/Transparency
		Odor
		Specific Gravity
			Refractometer
			Causes of Altered Urine Specific Gravity
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	28 Chemical Evaluation
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		pH
		Protein
			Protein Determination by Reagent Test Strips
			Protein Determination by Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity Test
			Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio
			Interpretation of Protein in Urine
		Glucose
		Ketones
			Measurement of Urine Ketone Content
		Bile Pigments
		Blood (Hemoprotein)
			Hematuria
			Hemoglobinuria
			Myoglobinuria
		Leukocytes
		Urinalysis Analyzers
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	29 Urine Sediment Analysis
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Dry-Mount Urine Cytology
		Constituents of Urine Sediment
			Erythrocytes
			Leukocytes
			Epithelial Cells
				Squamous Epithelial Cells
				Transitional Epithelial Cells
				Renal Epithelial Cells
			Casts
				Hyaline Casts
				Granular Casts
				Epithelial Casts
				Leukocyte Casts
				Erythrocyte Casts
				Waxy Casts
				Fatty Casts
			Crystals
				Struvite
				Calcium Oxalate
				Uric Acid
				Amorphous Crystalline Material
				Calcium Carbonate
				Ammonium Biurate
				Sulfonamide
				Bilirubin
				Leucine
				Tyrosine
				Cystine
				Crystals Associated With Melamine Toxicity
		Microorganisms
			Parasite Ova and Microfilaria
		Miscellaneous Components of Urine
			Mucus Threads
			Spermatozoa
			Fat Droplets
			Artifacts
		Urolithiasis
		Review Questions
		Key Points
Unit 6 Clinical Chemistry
	30 Sample Collection and Handling
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Plasma
		Serum
		Factors That Influence Results
			Hemolysis
			Chemical Contamination
			Improper Labeling
			Improper Sample Handling
			Patient Influences
		Reference Ranges
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	31 Automated Analyzers
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Photometry
		End Point Versus Kinetic Assays
		Units of Measurement
		Ion-Selective Electrode and Electrochemical Methods
		Features and Benefits of Common Chemistry Analyzer Types
		Instrument Care and Maintenance
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	32 Protein Assays and Hepatobiliary Function Tests
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Protein Assays
			Total Protein
			Albumin
			Globulins
			Albumin/Globulin Ratio
			Fibrinogen
			Acute-Phase Proteins
		Hepatobiliary Assays
			Hepatocyte Function Tests
				Bilirubin
				Bile Acids
				Cholesterol
			Enzymes Released From Damaged Hepatocytes
				Alanine Transaminase
				Aspartate Transaminase
				Iditol Dehydrogenase (Sorbitol Dehydrogenase)
				Glutamate Dehydrogenase
			Enzymes Associated With Cholestasis
				Alkaline Phosphatase
				Gamma Glutamyltransferase
			Other Tests of Liver Function
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	33 Kidney Function Tests
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Blood Urea Nitrogen
		Serum Creatinine
		Blood Urea Nitrogen/Creatinine Ratio
		Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio
		Uric Acid
		Tests of Glomerular Function
			Creatinine Clearance Tests
				Endogenous Creatinine Clearance
				Exogenous Creatinine Clearance
				Iohexol Clearance
			Single-Injection Inulin Clearance
			Water-Deprivation Tests
			Vasopressin Response
			Fractional Clearance of Electrolytes
			Inorganic Phosphorus
			Enzymuria
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	34 Pancreatic Function Tests
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Exocrine Pancreas Tests
			Amylase
			Lipase
			Amylase and Lipase in Peritoneal Fluid
			Trypsin
			Serum Trypsinlike Immunoreactivity
			Serum Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity
		Endocrine Pancreas Tests
			Glucose
			Fructosamine
			Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A1C)
			β-Hydroxybutyrate
			Glucose Tolerance
			Insulin Tolerance
			Glucagon Tolerance
			Insulin/Glucose Ratio
			Miscellaneous Tests of Insulin Release
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	35 Electrolytes and Acid–Base Status
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Acid–Base Balance
			Bicarbonate Buffer
			Potassium Buffer
			Protein Buffer
		Acidosis and Alkalosis
			Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
			Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis
			Base Excess
		Electrolyte Assays
			Sodium
			Potassium
			Chloride
			Bicarbonate
			Magnesium
			Calcium
			Inorganic Phosphorus
			Anion Gap
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	36 Miscellaneous Tests
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Creatine Kinase
		Troponin and Brain Natriuretic Peptide
		Lactate
			Lactate Dehydrogenase
		Endocrine System Assays
			Adrenocortical Function Tests
				Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation Test
				Dexamethasone Suppression
				Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation
			Thyroid Assays
				Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Response
				Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Response
				Triiodothyronine Suppression Test
			Pituitary Function Tests
		Chemical Tests of Gastrointestinal Function
			Fecal Occult Blood
			Monosaccharide Absorption Tests
				d-Xylose Absorption
			Serum Folate and Cobalamin
			Mucin Clot Test
		Toxicology
			Toxicologic Specimens
			Lead Poisoning
			Nitrate or Nitrite Poisoning
			Anticoagulant Rodenticides
			Chemicals That Denature Hemoglobin
			Ethylene Glycol
			Drugs of Abuse
		Review Questions
		Key Points
Unit 7 Microbiology
	37 Introduction to Microbiology
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Bacterial Cell Morphology
			Spores
		Bacterial Growth
			Fungal Characteristics
		Virology
			Cell Culture
			Immunologic and Molecular Diagnostics Examination
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	38 Equipment and Supplies
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		The In-House Microbiology Laboratory
		Laboratory Safety
		Equipment and Supplies Needed for the Microbiology Laboratory
		Culture Media
			Types of Media
				Blood Agar
				MacConkey Agar and Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar
				Chromogenic Agar
				Thioglycollate Broth
				Urea Tubes
				Sulfide-Indole Motility Tubes
				Simmons Citrate Tubes
				Triple Sugar Iron Agar
				Brain–Heart Infusion Broth
				Mannitol Salt Agar
				Bismuth Sulfite Agar
				Mueller-Hinton Agar
				Sabouraud Dextrose and Bismuth–Glucose–Glycine–Yeast Media
				Combination and Modular Culture Media
			Dermatophyte Test Media
			Quality Control Cultures
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	39 Sample Collection and Handling
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		General Guidelines
		Collection of Viral Specimens
			Submission of Samples
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	40 Staining Specimens
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Gram Stain
			Procedure
			Interpretation
		Potassium Hydroxide Test
		Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
		Giemsa Stain
		Specialized Stains
		Quality Control
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	41 Culture Techniques
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Inoculation of Culture Media
			Streaking Culture Plates
			Inoculation of Slants
		Incubation of Cultures
		Colony Characteristics
		Culture of Anaerobes
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	42 Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Antibiotic Resistance
		Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing
		Agar Diffusion Method
			Reading the Zones of Inhibition
			Interpretation of Zone Sizes
			Control Organisms
			Limitations of the Test
		Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
			Limitations of the Test
		Colony Count
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	43 Additional Testing
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Motility
		Indole Test
		Catalase Test
		Coagulase Test
		Oxidase Activity
		Acid Production From Glucose
		California Mastitis Test
		Immunologic Examination
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	44 Mycology
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Dermatophyte Testing
		Fungal Cultures
		Review Questions
		Key Points
Unit 8 Parasitology
	45 Nematodes
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Phylum Nematoda
			Ascaroidea (Ascarids)
			Strongyloidea
			Trichostrongyloidea
			Rhabditoidea (Strongyloides spp.)
			Metastrongyloidea
			Trichuroidea (Trichuris spp., Eucoleus spp., and Trichinella spiralis)
			Oxyuroidea
			Spiruroidea
			Dracunculoidea
			Dioctophymoidea
			Filaroidea
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	46 Cestodes, Trematodes, and Acanthocephalans
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Eucestodes
			Eucestodes of Dogs and Cats
				Dipylidium Caninum
				Canine Taeniid Tapeworms
				Multiceps Species
				Echinococcus Species
			Eucestodes of Ruminants and Horses
				Larval Stages
			Eucestodes of Small Mammals
		Pseudotapeworms
		Trematodes
			Trematodes of Dogs and Cats
			Trematodes of Ruminants
		Acanthocephalans (Thorny-Head Worms)
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	47 Protozoa and Rickettsia
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Phylum Sarcomastigophora
			Giardia
			Trypanosomes
			Leishmania
			Trichomonads
			Histomonas
			Entamoeba
		Phylum Apicomplexa
			Cystoisospora
			Toxoplasma
			Cryptosporidium
			Sarcocystis
			Babesia
			Cytauxzoon
			Hepatozoon
			Eimeria
			Plasmodium
		Phylum Ciliophora
		Rickettsial Parasites
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	48 Arthropods
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Order: Siphonaptera (Fleas)
		Orders: Mallophaga and Anoplura (Lice)
		Order: Diptera (Flies)
			Blackflies and Midges
			Sandflies and Muscid Flies
			Deer Flies and Horseflies
			Sheep Keds
			Flies That Produce Myiasis
			Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex Species (Mosquitoes)
		Class: Acarina (Mites and Ticks)
			Ticks
			Mites
		Pentastomids (Tongue Worms)
		Phylum: Annelida (Segmented Worms)
			Hirudo Medicinalis (Medicinal Leech)
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	49 Sample Collection and Handling
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Collection of Fecal Samples
			Small Animal Fecal Samples
			Large Animal Fecal Samples
		Skin Scraping
		Cellophane Tape Preparation
		Vacuum Collection
		Sample Collection at Necropsy
		Collection of Blood Samples
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	50 Diagnostic Techniques
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Evaluation of Fecal Specimens
			Direct Smear
			Fecal Flotation
			Centrifugal Flotation
			Fecal Sedimentation
		Cellophane Tape Preparation
		Baermann Technique
		Miscellaneous Fecal Examinations
		Staining Procedures
		Evaluation of Blood Samples
			Direct Drop
			Filter Test
			Modified Knott’s Test
		Immunologic and Molecular Diagnostic Tests
		Miscellaneous Parasitologic Evaluations
		Review Questions
		Key Points
Unit 9 Cytology
	51 Sample Collection and Handling
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Swabs
		Scrapings
		Imprints
		Fine-Needle Biopsy
			Preparation of the Site for Fine-Needle Biopsy
			Selection of Syringe and Needle
			Aspiration Procedure
			Nonaspirate Procedure (Capillary Technique, Stab Technique)
		Tissue Biopsy
			Wedge Biopsy
			Punch Biopsy
		Centesis
			Color and Turbidity
		Transtracheal/Bronchial Wash
			Percutaneous Technique
			Orotracheal Technique
		Concentration Techniques
			Low-Speed Centrifugation
			Gravitational Sedimentation
			Membrane Filtration
			Cytocentrifugation
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	52 Preparation of Cytology Smears
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Smear Preparation
			Preparation of Smears From Solid Masses
				Compression Preparation
				Combination Technique
				Starfish Smear
			Preparation of Smears From Fluid Samples
				Line Smear
		Fixing and Staining the Cytology Sample
			Romanowsky Stains
			New Methylene Blue Stain
			Papanicolaou Stains
			Staining Problems
		Submission of Cytologic Preparations and Samples for Interpretation
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	53 Microscopic Evaluation
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Inflammation
		Neoplasia
		Review Questions
		Key Points
	54 Cytology of Specific Sites
		Outline
		Learning Objectives
		Key Terms
		Peritoneal and Pleural Fluid
			Color, Turbidity, and Odor
			Total Nucleated Cell Count
			Cellular Elements
		Lymph Nodes
			Reactive Lymph Nodes
			Malignant Neoplasia
		Cerebrospinal Fluid
		Aqueous and Vitreous Humor
		Synovial Fluid Analysis
			Color and Turbidity
			Viscosity
		Tracheal Wash
		Nasal Flush
		Ear Swabs
		Vaginal Cytology
			Cell Types Seen on Vaginal Cytology Sample Preparations
				Anestrus
				Proestrus
				Estrus
				Metestrus
				Vaginitis and Metritis
		Fecal Cytology
		Semen Evaluation
			Volume of Ejaculate
			Gross Appearance of Ejaculate
			Sperm Motility
				Wave Motion
				Motility
			Sperm Concentration
			Live-to-Dead Sperm Ratio
			Sperm Morphology
			Other Cells in Semen
		Evaluation of Prostatic Secretions
		Examination of Milk
		Review Questions
		Key Points
Appendix A Review Questions
	Unit One Review Questions
		Chapter 1
		Chapter 2
		Chapter 3
		Chapter 4
		Chapter 5
	Unit Two Review Questions
		Chapter 6
		Chapter 7
		Chapter 8
		Chapter 9
		Chapter 10
		Chapter 11
		Chapter 12
		Chapter 13
	Unit Three Review Questions
		Chapter 14
		Chapter 15
		Chapter 16
		Chapter 17
		Chapter 18
	Answers
		Chapter 1
		Chapter 2
		Chapter 3
		Chapter 4
		Chapter 5
		Chapter 6
		Chapter 7
		Chapter 8
		Chapter 9
		Chapter 10
		Chapter 11
		Chapter 12
		Chapter 13
		Chapter 14
		Chapter 15
		Chapter 16
		Chapter 17
		Chapter 18
Appendix B Reference Ranges
Appendix C Bacterial Pathogens of Veterinary Importance
Appendix D Professional Associations Related to Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics
Appendix E Common Parasites of Some Exotic Animal Species
	Parasites of Birds
		Nematodes
		Trematodes
		Protozoans
		Arthropods
		Annelids
	Parasites of Rabbits
		Nematodes
		Protozoans
		Arthropods
	Parasites of Guinea Pigs
		Nematodes
		Protozoans
		Arthropods
	Parasites of Rats
		Nematodes
		Cestodes
		Protozoans
		Arthropods
	Parasites of Mice
		Nematodes
		Cestodes
		Protozoans
		Arthropods
	Parasites of Hamsters
		Nematodes
		Cestodes
		Protozoans
		Arthropods
	Parasites of Gerbils
		Nematodes
		Cestodes
		Arthropods
	Parasites of Fish
		Protozoans
	Parasites of Reptiles
		Pentastomes
Appendix F Example of a Standard Protocol for Reporting Results of a Urinalysis Laboratory Report
Appendix G Taxonomic Classification of Parasites
	Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)
Appendix H Zoonotic Internal Parasites
Glossary
Resources
	Unit 1
		Internet Resources
	Unit 2
		Internet Resources
	Unit 3
		Internet Resources
	Unit 4
		Internet Resources
	Unit 5
		Internet Resources
	Unit 6
		Internet Resources
	Unit 7
		Internet Resources
	Unit 8
		Internet Resources
	Unit 9
		Internet Resources
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z