Labor Relations

Title
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
	Contemporary Labor Relations
	What Unions Do
	Collective Behavior
		Group Cohesiveness
		Class Consciousness
		External Threat
	Why Workers Unionize
		Catalyst for Organization
		Individuals and Union Organizing
	Beliefs about Unions
		Willingness to Vote for Union Representation
		The Local Community
		Union Member Beliefs
	Unions, Their Members, and Decision Making
	Labor Unions in the “New Normal”
	Why Has the Labor Movement Been in Decline?
		Transformation in Industrial Relations Systems
		What Should Unions Do?
	Summary and Preview
		Plan of the Book
	Key Terms
	Selected Web Sites
2 The Evolution of American Labor
	Union Philosophies and Types in the United States
	Early Unions and the Conspiracy Doctrine
		Philadelphia Cordwainers
		Commonwealth v. Hunt
		Pre–Civil War Unions
	The Birth of National Unions
		The National Labor Union
		The Knights of Labor
		The American Federation of Labor
	Labor Unrest
		The Industrial Workers of the World and the Western Federation of Miners
		The Boycott Cases
		Early Legislation
	Trade Union Success and Apathy
		World War I
		The American Plan
		The End of an Era
	Industrial Unions
		The Industrial Union Leadership
		Organizing the Industrial Workforce
	Legislation
		Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932)
		National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)
		Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act, 1935)
	Employer Intransigence
		Constitutionality of the Wagner Act
	Labor Power
		World War II
		Reconversion
	Changing the Balance
		Taft-Hartley Act
		The New Production Paradigm
	Retrenchment and Merger
		Merger
		Corruption
		Landrum-Griffin Act
	Public Sector Union Growth
		Federal Executive Orders
		Civil Service Reform Act
	Labor in Crisis and Transition
		Rising Employer Militancy
		Striker Replacements
		New Union Leadership
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Selected Web Sites
3 Employment Law and Federal Agencies
	Overview
	Railway Labor Act (1926)
	Norris-Laguardia Act (1932)
	Wagner and Taft-Hartley Acts (as Amended)
		Definitions
		National Labor Relations Board
		Unfair Labor Practices
		Representation Elections
		Unfair Labor Practice Charges and NLRB Procedures
		Right-to-Work Laws
		Religious Objections to Union Membership in Health Care Organizations
		Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
		National Emergency Disputes
		Suits, Political Action, and Financial Relationships
		Summary and Overview
	Landrum-Griffin Act (1959)
		Bill of Rights for Union Members
		Reports Required of Unions and Employers
		Trusteeships
	Other Federal Laws and Regulations
		Byrnes Act (1936)
		Copeland Anti-Kickback Act (1934)
		Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (1970)
	Other Major Employment Laws
	Effects of Implementation of Laws
	Federal Departments and Agencies
		Department of Labor
		Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
		National Mediation Board
		National Labor Relations Board
		Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
	Labor Law Reform: A Continuing Controversy
	Trade Treaties
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Selected Web Sites
4 Union Structure and Government
	The Local Union
		Local Union Democracy
		Functional Democracy
		Independent Local Unions
	National Unions
		National Union Goals
		National Union Jurisdictions
		National Structure
		National-Local Union Relationship
		National Union Headquarters Operations
		National Union Governance and Politics
		National Unions and Public Policy
	The AFL-CIO
	The Change to Win Coalition
	State and Local Central Bodies
		Overview of the Union Hierarchy
	National Union Mergers
	Union Finances
		Financial Malfeasance
		Pension Administration
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Selected Web Sites
5 Unions: Member and Leader Attitudes, Behaviors, and Political Activities
	The Individual and the Local Union
		Joining, Socialization, and Leaving
		Member Participation
		Commitment to the Union
		Local Union Effectiveness and Member Behavior
	The Individual as a Union Officer
		Stewards
		Local Officers
	National Unions and Their Environment
		Employment Law and Administration
		The Economy
		Globalization and Organized Labor
		Political Action
		Lobbying
		Use of Union Dues for Political Activity
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Selected Web Sites
6 Union Organizing Campaigns
	Organizing and Union Effectiveness
	How Organizing Begins
		The Framework for Organizing
		Representation Elections
	Bargaining-Unit Determination
		Legal Constraints
		Jurisdiction of the Organizing Union
		The Union’s Desired Unit
		The Employer’s Desired Unit
		NLRB Policy
		Other Issues in Unit Determination
		The Railway Labor Act and Airline Mergers
	The Organizing Campaign
		Employer Size and Elections
		General Organizing Campaign Rules
		Union Strategy and Tactics
		Management Strategy and Tactics
	The Role of the NLRB
		Election Certifications
		Setting Aside Elections
		The Impact of Board Remedies
		Election Outcomes
		Other Types of Representation Changes
		Contextual Characteristics Related to Election Results
	First Contracts
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Web Sites
	Case: GMFC Custom Conveyer Division
7 Union Avoidance: Rationale, Strategies, and Practices
	Historical Overview
		Capitalistic and Trade Union Philosophies
		Employer Resistance before World War II
		The Corporatist Period
		Union-Free Employment
	The Economic Rationale
		Inflexible Rules
		Profitability
		Shareholder Value
		Company Investment Decisions
		Industrial Structure
	Union-Free Approaches
		Environmental Factors Associated with Union Avoidance
		Wage Policies
		Nonwage Policies
		Employment Security
		Employee “Voice” Systems
		Other Innovative Techniques
		Developing Practices in Nonunion Employee Relations
	Preventive Programs
	Management Campaign Tactics in Representation Elections
	Decertifications
	Job Structuring
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Case: Locating the New Recreational Vehicle Plant
8 The Environment for Bargaining
	The Legal and Political Structure
		Regulation of Employment
		Waxing and Waning of Corporatist Approaches in U.S. Labor Relations
	Public Policy and Industrial Organization
	Competition and Concentration in Markets
	Regulation and Deregulation
	Global Competition
	Labor Force Demographics and Employer Growth
	Changes in Consumer Demand
	Employer Interests
		Labor as a Derived Demand
		Labor-Capital Substitution
		Labor Markets
	Employee Interests
	Union Interests
	Bargaining Power
		Ability to Continue Operations (or Take a Strike)
		Union Bargaining Power
	Bargaining Structures
		Multiemployer Bargaining
		Industrywide Bargaining
		National/Local Bargaining
		Wide-Area and Multicraft Bargaining
		Pattern Bargaining
		Conglomerates and Multinationals
		Coordinated Bargaining
		Craft Units within an Employer
		Centralization and Decentralization in Bargaining
		Changes in Industrial Bargaining Structures and Outcomes
		Public Policy and Court Decisions
		Influence of Bargaining Power and Structure
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Case: Material Handling Equipment Association Bargaining Group
9 Wage and Benefit Issues in Bargaining
	Union and Employer Interests
	Components of Wage Demands
		Equity
		Ability to Pay
		Standard of Living
	Pay Programs
		Pay Level
		Pay Structure
		Pay Form
		Pay System
	Union Effects on Pay
		Union Effects on Pay Levels
		Union Effects on Pay Structures and Inequality
		Union Effects on Pay Form
		Union Effects on Pay Systems
	Union Effects on Firm Performance
		Productivity
		Organizational Investment and Growth Decisions
		Profitability and Returns to Shareholders
	Wage Clauses Found in Contracts
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Web Sites
	Case: Health Care Bargaining and the PPACA
10 Nonwage Issues in Bargaining
	Nonwage Provisions of Current Contracts
	Union and Management Goals For Nonwage Issues
	Design of Work
		Work Design History
	Hours of Work
		Federal Wage and Hour Laws
		Collective Bargaining and Work Schedules
		Entitlements to and Restrictions on Overtime
		Shift Assignments and Differentials
		Alternative Work Schedules
		Paid Time Off
	Length of Contracts
	Union and Management Rights
	Discipline and Discharge
	Grievance and Arbitration
	Strikes and Lockouts
	Union Security
	Working Conditions and Safety
	Seniority and Job Security
		Layoff Procedures
		Promotions and Transfers
		Time Away from Work
	Effects of Unions on Nonwage Outcomes
		Union Influences on Hiring
		Promotions, Transfers, and Turnover
		Retirement Programs
		Job Satisfaction
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Case: GMFC Attitude Survey
11 Contract Negotiations
	Management Preparation
		Negotiation Objectives and the Bargaining Team
		Reviewing the Expiring Contract
		Preparing Data for Negotiations
		Identification of Probable Union Demands
		Costing the Contract
		Bargaining Books
		Strike Preparation
		Strategy and Logistics
	Union Preparation
		National-Level Activities
		Local-Level Preparations
	Negotiation Requests
	What Is Bargaining?
	Behavioral Theories of Labor Negotiations
		Distributive Bargaining
		Integrative Bargaining
		Attitudinal Structuring
		Intraorganizational Bargaining
	Bargainers and the Bargaining Environment
		Attributes of the Parties
		The Process of Negotiation
		Perceptions of Bargainers
		The Roles of the Actors in Negotiations
	Contract Negotiations
		Initial Presentations
		Bargaining on Specific Issues
		Tactics in Distributive Bargaining
		Committing to a Position
		Deadlines
		Settlements and Ratifications
		Nonagreement
	The Bargaining Environment and Outcomes
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Mock Negotiating Exercise
		A. Contract Costing
		B. Approach
		C. Demands
		D. Organization for Negotiations
		E. Negotiations
		F. Additional Information
	Agreement between General Manufacturing & Fabrication Company, Central City, Indiana, and Local 384, United Steelworkers of America AFL-CIO
12 Impasses and Their Resolution
	Impasse Definition
	Third-Party Involvement
	Mediation
		Mediator Behavior and Outcomes
		Mediator Backgrounds and Training
		Mediator Activity
	Fact-Finding
		Fact-Finding and the Issues
	Interest Arbitration
	Review of Third-Party Involvements
	Strikes
		Strike Votes and Going Out
		Picketing
		Slowdowns
		Corporate Campaigns
		Coordinated Campaigns
		Employer Responses to Strikes
		Rights of Economic Strikers
		Evidence on the Incidence, Duration, and Effects of Strikes
	Boycotts
	Lockouts
		Perishable Goods
		Multiemployer Lockouts
		Single-Employer Lockouts
	Bankruptcies
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Selected Web Sites
	Case: GMFC Impasse
13 Union-Management Cooperation
	Labor and Management Roles and the Changing Environment
		Organizing and the Evolving Bargaining Relationship
		Preferences of Management and Labor
		Levels of Cooperation and Control
	Integrative Bargaining
		Mutual-Gains Bargaining
		FMCS Innovations
		The Use and Effects of Interest-Based Bargaining
	Creating and Sustaining Cooperation
	Methods of Cooperation
		Areawide Labor-Management Committees
		Joint Labor-Management Committees
		Workplace Interventions
		Alternative Governance Forms
		Union Political Processes and the Diffusion of Change
		Management Strategy
		Research on the Effects of Cooperation across Organizations
		Research on the Long-Term Effects of Cooperation
	High-Performance Work Organizations
		Workplace Restructuring
	The Legality of Cooperation Plans
	Employee Stock Ownership Plans
	The Diffusion and Institutionalization of Change
		Maintaining Union-Management Cooperation in the Face of External Change
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Selected Web Sites
	Case: Continuing or Abandoning the Special-Order Fabrication Business
14 Contract Administration
	The Duty To Bargain
		Conventional Contract Administration
		Empowered Work Environments
	Issues in Contract Administration
		Discipline
		Incentives
		Work Assignments
		Individual Personnel Assignments
		Hours of Work
		Supervisors Doing Production Work
		Production Standards
		Working Conditions
		Subcontracting
		Outsourcing
		Past Practice
		Rules
		Discrimination
		Prevalence of Issues
	Grievance Procedures
		Steps in the Grievance Procedure
		Time Involved
	Methods of Dispute Resolution
		Project Labor Agreements
		Grievance Mediation
		Wildcat Strikes
		Discipline for Wildcat Strikes
	Employee and Union Rights in Grievance Processing
		To What Is the Employee Entitled?
		Fair Representation
	Grievances and Bargaining
		Union Responses to Management Action
		Fractional Bargaining
		Union Initiatives in Grievances
		Individual Union Members and Grievances
	Effects of Grievances on Employers and Employees
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Case: New Production Equipment: Greater Efficiency with Less Effort or a Speedup?
15 Grievance Arbitration
	What Is Arbitration?
	Development of Arbitration
		Lincoln Mills
		Steelworkers’ Trilogy
		Boys Markets Relaxes Norris-LaGuardia
		14 Penn Plaza and Deferral of Statutory Grievances to Arbitration
		Additional Supreme Court Decisions on Arbitration in Unionized Firms
		NLRB Deferral to Arbitration
	Arbitration Procedures
		Prearbitration Matters
		Selection of an Arbitrator
		Sources and Qualifications of Arbitrators
		Prehearing
		Hearing Processes
		Representatives of the Parties
		Presentation of the Case
		Posthearing
		Evidentiary Rules
		Arbitral Remedies
		Preparation of the Award
	Procedural Difficulties and Their Resolutions
		Expedited Arbitration
		Inadequate Representation
	Arbitration of Discipline Cases
		Role of Discipline
		Evidence
		Uses of Punishment
		Substance Abuse Cases
		Sexual Harassment Violations
		Fighting
		Work-Family Conflicts
		E-Mail Abuse
	Arbitration of Past-Practice Disputes
	Arbitral Decisions and the Role of Arbitration
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Selected Web Sites
	Cases
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
		Case 4
16 Public Sector Labor Relations
	Public Sector Labor Law
		Federal Labor Relations Law
		State Labor Laws
	Public Employee Unions
	Bargaining Rights and Organizing
	Public Sector Bargaining Processes
		Bargaining Structures
		Management Organization for Bargaining
		Multilateral Bargaining
		Bargaining Outcomes
		Union-Management Cooperation
	Impasse Procedures
		Fact-Finding
		Arbitration
		Strikes
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
	Case: Teacher Bargaining at Pleasant Ridge
17 A Survey of Labor Relations in Market Economies
	The Development of Labor Movements
	The Structure of Labor Movements
		Works Councils
		Globalization
	Organizing and Representation
	Bargaining Issues
	Bargaining Structures
	Impasses
	Union-Management Cooperation
	Contract Administration
	Public Sector Unionization
	Comparative Effects of Unionization
	Summary
	Discussion Questions
	Key Terms
Glossary
Author Index
Subject Index